AN ORCHID  DIGEST OF MANIPUR, NORTHEASTERN INDIA

Sathish Kumar

All orchids so far recorded from Manipur, Northeastern India are presented. This update has 280 species in 86 genera. It includes a new genus Luisiopsis Sathish & Suresh, one new species Bulbophyllum manipurense Sathish & Suresh, two new records for India – Bulbophyllum propinquum Krzl. and Phalaenopsis fasciata Rchb.f., one new combination Luisiopsis inconspicua (Lindl.)Sathish & Suresh and several new state records. Dendrobium is the largest genus with 49 species followed by Coelogyne (20 spp.), Cymbidium (15 spp.), Bulbophyllum (14 spp.), Eria (14 spp.), Oberonia (10 spp.), Vanda (8 spp.), Liparis (8 spp.), Habenbaria (7 spp.), Peristylus (6 spp.) and Paphiopedilum (5 spp.). A brief historical account of orchid collections in Manipur since George Watt’s pioneer attempt of 1881-1882 is provided. The looming slash-and-burn cultivation practice prevalent in Manipur is the main threat to orchid flora. All the new and interesting taxa are illustrated and described.

Rheedea Vol.15 (1) 1-70 2 0 0 5 An Orchid Digest of Manipur, Northeastern India C. Sathish Kumar and P. C. Suresh Kumar Tropical Botanic Garden and Research Institute Palode, Thiruvananthapuram 695 562, Kerala, India. Abstract All orchids so far recorded from Manipur, Northeastern India are presented. This update has 280 species in 86 genera. It includes a new genus Luisiopsis Sathish & Suresh, one new species Bulbophyllum manipurense Sathish & Suresh, two new records for India – Bulbophyllum propinquum Krzl. and Phalaenopsis fasciata Rchb.f., one new combination Luisiopsis inconspicua (Lindl.)Sathish & Suresh and several new state records. Dendrobium is the largest genus with 49 species followed by Coelogyne (20 spp.), Cymbidium (15 spp.), Bulbophyllum (14 spp.), Eria (14 spp.), Oberonia (10 spp.), Vanda (8 spp.), Liparis (8 spp.), Habenbaria (7 spp.), Peristylus (6 spp.) and Paphiopedilum (5 spp.). A brief historical account of orchid collections in Manipur since George Watt’s pioneer attempt of 1881-1882 is provided. The looming slash-and-burn cultivation practice prevalent in Manipur is the main threat to orchid flora. All the new and interesting taxa are illustrated and described. Keywords: Orchids, New genus, New species, Country and state records, Manipur. Introduction Manipur is a small state (23° 83´ N latitudes and 93 ° 03´ - 94 ° 78´ E longitudes) in the Northeastern India (Fig. 1). It is bordered on the north by Nagaland, south by Mizoram and part of Myanmar, west by Assam and east again by part of Myanmar. It has a total geographical area of 22,327 sq. km with a central valley of 2,238 sq. km and is fortified on all sides by lofty mountains, the highest being Mount Tenupi of Iso which is 2999 m (9,822ft) above sea level. The valley is thickly populated by the Meities and the hills sparsely by the Nagas and Kukis. The recent spurt of violence by different insurgent outfits is making Manipur an unsafe place for field studies. Leaving this apart, Manipur is a botanical paradise and for orchid lovers, it is Nature’s treasure trove opened. Geologically, Manipur is made of Cretaceous lime stones on the eastern side with tertiary rocks and alluvium in the valleys. Average annual rainfall varies from 122 (Imphal) to 398 cm (Tamenglong). Temperature often goes down to -1°C in January and gradually rises to 30°C in September. Relative Humidity is the lowest in March (47%) and the highest in August (81%). Geographic position, varying altitudes, presence of innumerable water bodies and the consequent microclimates have jointly contributed to the richness of vegetation in Manipur. Sadly, the slash-and-burn cultivation in practice has already destroyed much of the primary forests of the state. The accounts of forests given by Watt (1888) and Keith (1936) are the things of the past. The Earlier Collectors George Watt (1851-1930) was the first European to collect plants (1881-1882) from Manipur. His collections included orchids and most of them are now available at CAL and K. Watt did not publish any taxonomic account of plants of Manipur but his collections were studied by others, notably J. D. Hooker who immortalized Watt through Dendrobium wattii and Impatiens wattii, both based on Watt’s collections from Manipur. Charles Baron Clarke (1832-1906), a British botanist while working as Inspector of Schools at Shillong, explored Manipur in 1885 and made important 2 An Orchid Digest of Manipur 93 O 94 O NAGALAND Senapati ASSAM Imphal 25 O Materials and Methods Bishenpur Th ou ba l Jiribam Tamenglong Ukhrul Churachandpur Chandel Post independent India witnessed a few publications on orchids of Manipur. Important among them are those of Mukerjee (1953), Deb ( 1956, 1957, 1960, 1961), Chauhan (249 spp. in 60 genera: 2001) and Phukan (2002) (Fig. 2). State’s website (www.manipur.com) contains many orchid photographs by Ranjan (Runjohn) Laishram. MYANMAR 24 O MIZORAM Collection locality 23 O Figure 1. Map of Manipur collections. In 1889, he published an exhaustive list of ‘plants from Kohima and Muneypore’ which included Liparis spathulata Lindl., L. longipes Lindl., Agrostophyllum khasianum Griff., Pholidota calceolata Lindl., Aerides vandarum Rchb.f., Saccolabium ampullaceum Lindl., Zeuxine nervosa Benth. ex Hook. f. and Goodyera procera Lindl. from Manipur. Clarke’s specimens are at K. Alfred Karl Meebold (1863-1952) was a German world traveller who botanized Manipur during 1906-1907. His collections are available at CAL. Norman Loftus Bor (1893-1972), an agrostologist of Irish origin, was another botanist who visited Manipur several times between 1938 and 1945. His orchid collections, however, were studied by others like Summerhayes et al. Francis (Frank) Kingdon-Ward (1885-1958) was a British traveller and ‘plant hunter’ who visited Manipur in 1927, 1946 and 1948 and made a very large collection of orchids and seeds, besides bulbs of other plants. Most of his collections are located at many European herbaria but a few stray collections are available at CAL. Like the earlier collectors, KingdonWard did not publish any scientific account on his vast collections but wrote prolific travel accounts. ‘Plant Hunter in Manipur’ (1952) is one of his famous works. Summerhayes commemorated KingdonWard by the orchid Paphiopedilum wardii. The senior author collected over 120 species of orchids from Manipur during a one month long expedition in 1996. These live specimens were brought down to TBGRI and reared. As and when flowered, they were critically studied, compared with authentic specimens at CAL and identified. Experts like the late Gunnar Seidenfaden and Paul Ormerod were consulted, if found necessary. All the specimens cited are deposited at TBGT unless otherwise mentioned. Spirit samples of flowers have also been maintained. In this enumeration, detailed descriptions and illustrations are provided only for new and interesting taxa. The alphabetical enumeration part has the genus followed by a short paragraph on the general distribution, key features, number of species in the world, in India and Manipur. This is accompanied by key to species when there are more than one. Species enumeration has three components: nomenclature citation, a general statement indicating historical collections of species from Manipur and other details containing flowering & fruiting, habitat, occurrence within Manipur, general distribution, specimens examined and a note on key character of species, if any. If a species is included on the authority of an earlier worker it is cited. Artificial keys, analytical sketches, and photographs are given for easy identification. Detailed study at CAL and TBGT, besides consultation of available literature on Manipur orchids, enabled us to enumerate 281 species in 86 genera.It included the following: New genus: Luisiopsis Sathish et Suresh New combination: Luisiopsis inconspicua (Hook. f.) Sathish et Suresh New species: Bulbophyllum manipurense Sathish et Suresh New records for India: 1. Bulbophyllum propinquum Krzl., 2. Dendrobium parcum Rchb. f. and 3. Phalaenopsis fasciata Rchb. f. New records for Manipur: 1. Cleisostoma discolor Lindl., 2. Cleisostoma williamsonii (Rchb. f.) Garay, 3. Eria globulifera Seidenf. , 4. Vanda pumila Hook. f. and 5. Vanilla parishii Rchb. f. C. Sathish Kumar & P. C. Suresh Kumar J. D. Hooker C. B. Clarke F. Kingdon-Ward S. K. Mukerjee N. L. Bor D. B. Deb S. J. Phukan A. S. Chauhan © Hunt Institute, 1999 George Watt 3 Figure 2. Pioneer orchid collectors of Manipur 4 An Orchid Digest of Manipur Key to Genera 12a. Lip spurred at base ……………. Anoectochilus 1a. 12b. Lip spurless, saccate at base …… Odontochilus 1b. 2a. 2b. Flowers with two anthers; lip slipper shaped; lateral sepals fused to form a synsepal ..............….................................... Paphiopedilum 13a. Floral bracts larger than the flowers ………………………...………… Brachycorythis Flowers with single anther; lip not slipper shaped; lateral sepals either free or if fused partially, not forming a synsepal………………2 13b. Floral bracts smaller than the flowers ………14 Leaves spirally arranged, convolute or altogether absent; pollinia soft and mealy, sectile or not ...............………………………………….3 14b. Anther bent back from column ………Satyrium Leaves in two rows or rarely absent; pollinia hard and waxy, 2-8 ………...............………… 18 15b. Stigmalobes not free ....……………………….16 14a. Anther erect …………………………......…… 15 15a. Stigmalobes free, each on a stigmaphore extending from the column ….......…Habenaria 3a. Plants with root-stem tuberoids; rostellum shorter than the anther …………........……… 13 16a. Thecas at their base extending from column, rostellum forming a broad band above the coherent stigmalobes ………….....….. Pecteilis 3b. Plants without root-stem tuberoids; rostellum subequal to the anther ……...........…………….4 16b. Stigmalobes not freely extending in front of column ………….......................………………..17 4a. Flowers on a twisted spike; pollinia not sectile …………………….................……….. Spiranthes 4b. Flowers not on twisted spike; pollinia sectile ………………………................………………… 5 17a. Stigmalobes connate with or adpressed to hypochile of lip and staminodes, with short spur, ovary usually erect close to rachis …………........................……………….Peristylus 5a. Stems woody; leaves plicate ….............……… 6 5b. Stems fleshy, herbaceous; leaves conduplicate …………………….................………………….. 7 6a. 6b. Stems branched; inflorescence unbranched; lip widest at base …………................……. Tropidia Stems unbranched; inflorescence branched; lip widest at apex ……............………Corymborkis 17b. Stigmalobe not connate with base of lip, no spur, staminodes raising free above anthers ……………………....………………Herminium 18a. Anther erect in early bud, later becoming operculate; pollinia without stipes….....…….19 18b. Anther usually operculate; pollinia with a stipes ……………………….............................………….60 19a. Large vines; stigma emergent ………… Vanilla 7a. Lip hairy or setose within …….. ……Goodyera 19b. Small herbs; stigma not emergent ……………20 7b. Lip papillate within ...………………………….8 8a. Saprophytes; flowers in axillary racemes or fascicle……………..............…………… Cyrtosia 20a. Leaf solitary, appearing after flowering ………………...........…………………… Nervilia 20b. Leaves many, appearing together with flowers ...............................................................................21 8b. Autophytes; flowers in terminal racemes ..…. 9 9a. Leaves dark greenish-brown with golden or silver veins……………..............……………….12 9b. Leaves uniformly green without coloured veins ………………………......................…………… 10 21b. Inflorescence lateral with medium sized flowers, if terminal the flowers smaller; dorsal sepal less than 3.5 cm long ……….………… 24 10a. Tubers present, cylindric or ellipsoid ............................................................ Neottianthe 22a. Leaves conduplicate in bud ....……………… 23 21a. Inflorescence terminal with large flowers; dorsal sepal 3.5-4 cm long…............................………. 22 10b. Tubers absent ..………………………………. 11 22b. Leaves convolute, plicate in bud.................. ....................................................…Cephalanthera 11a. Lip with a long claw, stigmas on short processes; 1-or 2-flowered……........................… Myrmechis 23a. Pollinia elongate, soft and mealy; plants epiphytic or lithophytic ……..........…… Thunia 11b. Lip with a short claw, stigma sessile inflorescence many flowered ……...…. Zeuxine 23b. Pollinia clavate, hard or relatively soft; plants terrestrial ……………................…….. Arundina C. Sathish Kumar & P. C. Suresh Kumar 24a. Epiphytic plants with 2, 4 or 8 pollinia; leaves not equitant ……….......................…………….25 24b. Terrestrial plants with 4 or 8 pollinia or epiphytic plants with equitant leaves and 4 pollinia...................................................................36 25a. Pollinia 8……………………………….....…….26 25b. Pollinia 4 ……………….....……………………29 26a. Sepals joined into a tube; inflorescence usually of one flower ……….......................……………27 26b. Sepals not joined into a tube; Inflorescence of many flowers……......................……………….28 27a. Pseudobulbs discoid, flowers 1-3....……Porpax 27b. Pseudobulbs ovoid to cylindric; flowers many, second …….................................….. Cryptochilus 28a. Pollinia joined by a long thin common caudicle ……………........................…………….. Thelasis 5 38b. Saprophytes ……………………………. Yoania 39a. Sidelobes of lip produced backwards on both sides of the column …...................… Crepidium 39b. Sidelobes altogether lacking ………….. Dienia 40a. Pollinia 4 ……………………....………………41 40b. Pollinia 8……………………….………………42 41a. Pollinia with caudicle, stipes and viscidium ……......…..................……………. Anthogonium 41b. Pollinia without caudicle, stipes or viscidium ……………….........................…………… Liparis 42a. Stems 1 leaved ………………….……………. 43 42b. Stems many leaved ……………………………44 43a. Leaves long petioled, plicate, elliptic-lanceolate ………………….................................…… Tainia 43b. Leaves sessile, cordate ……… Nephelaphyllum 28b. Pollinia not with any long common caudicle …………………............................…………. Eria 44a. Sepals fused to form a jug shaped body, free at top; lip mobile........................ Acanthephippium 29a. Pollinia joined by caudicles ………………….30 44b. Sepals not forming as above; lip firmly attached to column ……......................................……… 45 29b. Pollinia without caudicles ..…………………..36 30a. Lip saccate at base ……………................…… 33 30b. Lip not saccate at base ………………….......….31 45a. Plants with subterranean rhizome and grass like leaves ……................................……. Pachystoma 31a. Lip base sigmoidally curved…….…… Panisea 45b. Plants without subterranean rhizome; leaves not grass like ................................………………….46 31b. Lip base not sigmiodally curved…………… 32 46a. Lip with a pair of calli at base …… Spathoglottis 32a. Inflorescence single flowered; lip convolute around column ……......................………Pleione 46b. Lip without such pair of calli at base ………. 47 32b. Inflorescence many flowered; lip not convolute around column .................................. Coelogyne 47a. Column margins nearly the entire length connate with lip base .....................…. Calanthe 33a. Column short ………………………… Pholidota 47b. Column margins free, lip connate only at or near base of column…….....................................…… 48 33b. Column long ………………....………………..34 48a. Pollinia 8 ……………………...……………… 49 34a. Pseudobulbs produced singly on a creeping rhizome ………....................................…………35 48b. Pollinia 4 ……………………………………… 50 34b. Pseudobulbs forming a chain, joined from apex to base …….................................……… Otochilus 49b. Lip not spurred …………… Cephalantheropsis 35a. Flowers funnel shaped at base ……… Neogyna 35b. Flowers not funnel shaped at base....Dickasonia 36a. Leaves laterally compressed........……Oberonia 36b. Leaves not laterally compressed ……………..37 37a. Flowers resupinate …………………..………..38 37b. Flowers non resupinate; column very short, straight ……………...................………………39 38a. Green plants …………………………………. 40 49a. Lip spurred …………………………….. Phaius 50a. Lip with a transversal ridge between hypochile and epichile; inflorescence of many small flowers in a head …………….. Agrostophyllum 50b. Lip with no such transversal ridge; inflorescence not a head ………….................................……. 50 51a. Pollinia joined by a long thin caudicle ......… 52 51b. Pollinia not joined by caudicle ......………….. 53 52a. Column foot distinct, short; operculum horizontal on top of column not beaked ……..……………...............……………. Phreatia 6 An Orchid Digest of Manipur 52b. Column foot absent; operculum vertical below column, beaked …................................. Thelasis 66b. Plants leafless during flowering; operculum with a lateral pair of fine threads.....Chiloschista 53a. Column with vertical arms or lobules containing the stigmata ....................................… Ceratostylis 67a. Lip adnate to the column, immovable ……. 68 53b. Column without vertical arms ………….... Eria 54a. Pseudobulbs uninodal …………..……………55 54b. Pseudobulbs plurinodal …………………….. 58 55a. Stipes two ……………………………… Sunipia 55b. Stipes nil ……………………………………… 56 56a. Inflorescence 1 flowered; lateral sepals attached to the apex of column foot....…………Drymoda 56b. Inflorescence many flowered; lateral sepals attached to the lateral sides of the column foot…………………..........…………………… 57 57a. Lateral sepals elongate, involute, firmly united along both margins forming a horn or pouch like structure………..…………. Rhytionanthos 57b. Lateral sepals not elongate and free along the margins …..............................….. Bulbophyllum 58a. Stems branched; flowers last only a day ………………...................…………. Flickingeria 58b. Stems unbranched; flowers long lasting …………………......................…………………59 59a. Flowers solitary from between leaves ……………….............…………….. Epigeneium 59b. Flowers many on a raceme or a fascicle ………………...............………..…Dendrobium 60a. Plants always monopodial ………………….. 61 60b. Plants sympodial ……………..…………….... 85 67b. Lip not adnate to the column, movable …... 70 68a. Lip with distinct spur or sac ………………….69 68b. Lip without spur or sac ……………. Vandopsis 69a. Midlobe of lip fringed or dentate............ .......................................................... Ornithochilus 69b. Midlobe of lip not as above …………………. 72 70a. Sac of lip hairy within ………………… Acampe 70b. Sac of lip not hairy .……………. …………….71 71a. Flowers red; lip much shorter than the dorsal sepal ………............................…….. Renanthera 71b. Flowers white with purple markings; lip as long or longer than the dorsal sepal..... Schoenorchis 72a. Sepals and petals broad, ovate, fleshy ..…… 73 72b. Sepals and petals narrow, spathulate, not fleshy ………….................................………………… 74 73a. Long-stemmed plants; stipes very broad ……………….......................…………. Esmeralda 73b. Short-stemmed plants; stipes narrow, spathulate ………............………… Hygrochilus 74a. Spur short, conical …………………… Arachnis 74b. Spur long, cylindrical …………….. Armodorum 75a. Pollinia whole, not cleft, split or porate............ ………………………....................…… Luisiopsis 61a. Pollen masses completely divided ..…………62 75b. Pollinia more or less but not completely cleft or split or porate ………..............................……. 76 61b. Pollen masses not so ...………………………..75 76a. Pollinia porate ………........……………………77 62a. Column foot distinct …………………………. 63 76b. Pollinia cleft or split ……………..……………80 62b. Column foot absent ...…………………………67 77a. Leaves terete ………………....…………. Luisia 63a. Lip with a distinct spur or sac………………..64 77b. Leaves dorsiventral ………………………….. 78 63b. Lip with no distinct spur or sac …………….. 65 64a. Spur with a longitudinal septum.....Cleisostoma 78a. Spur short, saccate; epichile margined with hairs …….….....................................…… Gastrochilus 64b. Spur without a septum …………… Kingidium 78b. Spur long, cylindric or extinctoriform ..……. 79 65a. Plants terrestrial or lithophytic; lip with a long claw at base ……..............................……. Doritis 79a. Midlobe ligulate ………………..... Ascocentrum 65b. Plants epiphytic; lip without claw …………. 66 66a. Plants leafy during flowering; operculum without any fine thread…..........Thrixspermum 79b. Midlobe more or less elliptic …. Holcoglossum 80a. Column foot short, distinct ..…………………81 80b. Column foot absent or indistinct ……………83 C. Sathish Kumar & P. C. Suresh Kumar 81a. Leaves terete ..………………….. Papilionanthe 81b. Leaves dorsiventral ...................……………… 82 82a. Flowers arranged on four sides; spur very conspicuous ……..........................…….. Aerides 82b. Flowers distichously arranged; spur lacking ……………….............................…..Phalaenopsis 83a. Stipes short and broad; viscidium broadly orbicular ……..............................…………. Vanda 83b. Stipes linear, often widening apically ……… 84 84a. Large plants with broad and fleshy leaves having many light coloured veins ………. .........................................................Rhynchostylis 84b. Small plants with small leaves and no light coloured veins ….................................… Uncifera 85a. Inflorescence terminal, often branching ……………….......................………. Polystachya 85b. Inflorescence lateral, always unbranched …………………...............................………….. 86 86a. Pollinium with short strap shaped stipes ………………...............................…………….. 87 86b. Pollinium without stipes.................. Cymbidium 87a Raceme erect; operculum with two small processes at apex ….........................… Eulophia 87b. Raceme nodding; operculum with no such processes …….............................…… Geodorum Enumeration Acampe Lindl. An Old World genus of about 6 epiphytic or lithophytic species characterized by woody habit, thick and fleshy leaves and brittle flowers marked by reddish brown stripes. Five species are known from India with three in Manipur. 1a. Leaves 4-6 cm broad; spur short, conical............... ..................................................................A. rigida 1b. Leaves less than 2.5 cm broad; spur long, cylindrical ………………….....……………….. 2 2a. Inflorescence much branched, as long as or even longer than leaves …................…… A. ochracea 2b. Inflorescence unbranched, much shorter than the leaves …………............………. A. papillosa 1. Acampe ochracea (Lindl.) Hochr., Bull. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 6:270.1910; Seidenfaden, Opera Bot. 95:48.1988; Chauhan in Pathak et al. (Ed.), Orch. Sci. & Com. 85. 2001. Saccolabium ochraceum Lindl., Bot. 7 Reg. 28: misc. 2.1842; Hook. f., Fl. Brit. India 6:62.1890. 2. Acampe papillosa (Lindl.) Lindl., Fol. Orch. Acampe 2.1853; Devi & Ghatak, Proc. 5th ASEAN Orch. Cong. Sing. 74. 1984; Ghatak & Devi in Vij (Ed.), Biol. Cons. Cult. Orch. 358. 1986; Seidenfaden, Opera Bot. 95:49.1988; Chauhan in Pathak et al. (Ed.), Orch. Sci. & Com. 85. 2001. Saccolabium papillosum Lindl., Bot. Reg., 18:T. 1552.1833 (excl.syn.); Hook. f., Fl. Brit. India 6:63. 1890 (excl. syn. Sarcochilus praemorsus Spreng.); King & Pantling, Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Calcutta 8:219. Pl. 290. 1898. Devi and Ghatak reported of this species in Sadar hills. 3. Acampe rigida (Buch.-Ham. ex J. E. Sm.) Hunt, Kew Bull. 24: 98.1970; Seidenfaden, Opera Bot. 95:45.1988; Chauhan in Pathak et al. (Ed.), Orch. Sci. & Com. 85. 2001. Aerides rigida Buch.-Ham. ex J. E. Sm. in Rees, Cyclop. 39. 1819. Vanda longifolia Lindl., Gen. Sp. Orch. 215. 1833. Acampe longifolia (Lindl.)Lindl., Fol. Orch. Acampe 1.1853; Devi & Ghatak, Proc. 5th ASEAN Orch. Cong. Sing.74.1984; Ghatak & Devi in Vij (Ed.), Biol. Cons. Cult. Orch.358. 1986: Saccolabium longifolium (Lindl.)Hook. f., Fl. Brit. India 6:62. 1890; King & Pantling, Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Calcutta 8: 220, Pl. 202. 1898. Fig. 3a Devi and Ghatak collected this species from Mao in Northern Manipur. We collected it at Saikul and it flowered subsequently under cultivation at TBGRI. Specimens Examined: INDIA, Manipur: Saikul, flowered under cultivation 20 June 1996 C. Sathish Kumar 28750 (TBGT!). Acanthephippium Blume An Indo-Malesian genus of a dozen terrestrial species characterized by ovoid to clavate, fleshy pseudobulbs bearing more than 2 large elliptic-ovate leaves and a lateral raceme of large strikingly coloured, often jug-shaped flowers. Three species are known from India and one in Manipur. Acanthephippium sylhetense Lindl., Gen. Sp. Orch. 117.1833; Hook. f., Fl. Brit. India 5: 815.1890; Chauhan in Pathak et al. (Ed.), Orch. Sci. & Com. 85. 2001. Aerides Loureiro An Indo-Malesian genus of about 20 epiphytic species with fairly stout stems, thick, fleshy, loriform leaves and lateral, simple or branched racemes of large, 8 An Orchid Digest of Manipur usually much showy, variously coloured, often sweet scented, long lasting flowers. Eight species are known to occur in India. Two species are available in Manipur. 1a. Flowers white to white suffused with pink; midlobe turning upwards, much smaller than sidelobes …………...………………...A. odorata 1b. Flowers purple or pink; midlobe forward pointing, larger than sidelobes...… A. multiflora 1. Aerides multiflora Roxb., Pl. Corom. 3:68. pl. 271.1819; Hook. f., Fl. Brit. India 5:47. 1890; King & Pantling, Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Calcutta 8: 212. Pl. 283.1898; Devi & Ghatak, Proc. 5th ASEAN Orch. Cong. Sing.74. 1984; Seidenfaden, Opera Bot. 95:249. 1988. Fig. 3b Devi and Ghatak reported this species from Imphal. Specimens Examined: INDIA: Manipur: Kangla C. Sathish Kumar 28712(TBGT!) Bot. 89:127.1986; Chauhan in Pathak et al. (Ed.), Orch. Sci. & Com. 85. 2001. Clarke’s report of this species was from Kohima, Nagaland. Mukerjee collected it from Lamlang at 2000 m. on 21 April 1948. Deb (1961) says it is common at 1050-2400m. Specimens Examined: Manipur: 11.2.1954 D. B. Deb 1528 & 1894 (CAL!); 9.6.1948 Dr S K Mukerjee 3000 (CAL!); December 1907 A. Meebold 6904 (CAL!). 2. Agrostophyllum planicaule (Wallich ex Lindl.) Rchb.f., Walp. Ann. 6:909. 1864; Seidenfaden in Opera Bot. 89:128.1986. Eria planicaulis Wallich ex Lindl., Bot. Reg. 28:8. Misc. 4.1840. Agrostophyllum khasianum Griffith, Calc. J. Nat. Hist. 4: 378. T.19, 1844; Hook. f., Fl. Brit. India 5: 824.1890; Clarke, J. Linn. Soc. 25: 72. 1889; King & Pantling, Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Calcutta 8: 154. Pl. 210 1898; Deb, Bull. Bot. Surv. India 3(2):126. 1961; Chauhan in Pathak et al. (Ed.), Orch. Sci. & Com. 85. 2001. 2. Aerides odorata Lour., Fl. Cochinch. 2: 525.1790; Hook. f., Fl. Brit. India 6: 47. 1890; King & Pantling, Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Calcutta 8: 212. Pl. 282.1898; Devi & Ghatak, Proc. 5th ASEAN Orch. Cong. Sing. 74. 1984; Seidenfaden, Opera Bot. 95: 242.1988; Chauhan in Pathak et al. (Ed.), Orch. Sci. & Com. 85. 2001. Clarke collected it from the western part at 350 feet. Devi and Ghatak recorded this species from Chandel. We collected it from Imphal and Thoubal. This species flowered many times under cultivation at TBGRI. Anoectochilus roxburghii (Wallich) Lindl., Gen. Sp. Orch. 499.1830; Hook. f., Fl. Brit. India 6: 95.1890; Clarke, J. Linn. Soc. 25:73. 1889; King & Pantling, Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Calcutta 8: 293. Pl. 390. 1898; Deb, Bull. Bot. Surv. India 3(2):126. 1961; Seidenfaden, Dansk Bot. Ark. 32(2): 52.1978; Chauhan in Pathak et al. (Ed.), Orch. Sci. & Com. 85. 2001. Chryopaphus roxburghii Wallich, Tent. Fl. Nepal. 37. fig. 27. 1826. Specimens Examined: INDIA:Manipur: Kangla, flowered on 24.05.1996 C. Sathish Kumar 28739 (TBGT!) Agrostophyllum Blume A genus of about 100 epiphytic species distributed from Seychelles through Indo-Malesia to the islands of the Pacific and characterized by long, flattened stems with 2-ranked leaves and terminal heads of small flowers with sac-shaped lip. Five species are known from India. Two species occur in Manipur. 1a. Leaves 15-25 mm broad; petals 3 veined............ ……….........................…………… A. planicaule 1b. Leaves to 10-11 mm broad; petals 5 veined...... ………………...........………………. A. callosum 1. Agrostophyllum callosum Rchb.f. in Seem. Fl. Vit. 296. 1868; Clarke, J. Linn. Soc. 25:72. 1889; Hook. f., Fl. Brit. India 5: 824, p. p. 1890; King & Pantling, Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Calcutta 8: 155. Pl. 212.1898; Mukerjee, Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 21(3):150.1953; Deb, Bull. Bot. Surv. India 3(2): 126; Seidenfaden, Opera Anoectochilus Blume An Indo-Malesian genus of about 35-40 species of ground orchids with very attractive foliage and a terminal raceme of a few to many flowers. Thirteen species are known from India with one in Manipur. Clarke recorded this species from west Manipur at 1000 ft. Pradhan (1976) also tells of its occurrence in Manipur. Anthogonium Wallich ex Lindl. An interesting monotypic genus represented by A. gracile Wallich ex Lindl. found only in Asian mainland from India to China through Nepal, Bhutan, Myanmar, Thailand and Vietnam. It is a ground orchid with tuberous rhizome bearing two plicate leaves, basally forming a long pseudostem and a long raceme of a few very attractive, deep pink to white flowers. Anthogonium gracile Wallich ex Lindl., Gen. Sp. Orch. 426.1840; Hook. f., Fl. Brit. India 5:822. 1890; King & Pantling, Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Calcutta 8: C. Sathish Kumar & P. C. Suresh Kumar 9 c a d b e Figure 3. a. Acampe rigida (Buch.-Ham. ex J.E. Sm.) Hunt ; b. Aerides multiflora Roxb.; c. Ascocentrum ampullaceum (Roxb.) Schltr.; d. Bulbophyllum manipurense Sathish & Suresh; e. Cymbidium tigrinum Rchb. f. 10 An Orchid Digest of Manipur 96.Pl. 134. 1898; Mukerjee, Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 21(3):150. 1953; Deb, Bull. Bot. Surv. India 3(2):126.1961; Seidenfaden, Opera Bot. 89:67.1986; Chauhan in Pathak et al. (Ed.), Orch. Sci. & Com. 85. 2001. Recording this species from Ukhrul at 2000 m, Mukerjee commented ‘I saw flowers varying in colour from deep purple to pure white’. Deb collected it from East Manipur. We collected it in fruits and dried up condition in April at Kasom Khullen, East Manipur and it flowered under cultivation at TBGRI. Specimens Examined: INDIA, Manipur: Ukhrul S. K. Mukerjee 5303 (CAL!); East Deb 2530 (CAL!); Khasom Khullen C. Sathish Kumar 28763 (TBGT!). Arachnis Blume An Indo-Malesian epiphytic genus of about a dozen species characterized by Vanda like habit, fairly long simple or branched racemes of stunningly coloured flowers, popularly known as spider orchids. Two species are believed to occur in India and one in Manipur. Arachnis labrosa (Lindl. & Paxt.) Rchb.f., Bot. Centralbl. 28:343. 1886; Tan, Selbyana 2: 367. 1976; Seidenfaden, Opera Bot. 95:140. 1988. Arrhynchium labrosum Lindl. & Paxt., Paxton Fl. Gard. 1:142. 1850. Renanthera bilinguis Rchb.f., Bonplandia 2:93.1854. Arachnanthe bilinguis (Rchb.f.) Benth., J. Linn. Soc.18:332.1881; Hook. f., Fl. Brit. India6:28. 1890; King & Pantling, Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Calcutta 8: 210. Pl. 280. 1898: Armodorum labrosum (Lindl. & Paxt.) Schltr., Fed. Repert. 10:197. 1911; Pradhan, Ind. Orch. Guide to Iden. Cult. 571.1979. We collected this species from Imphal and it flowered under cultivation at TBGRI, one inflorescence lasting over two years. Specimens Examined: INDIA, Manipur: Imphal C. Sathish Kumar 28747 (TBGT!). Armodorum Breda An Indo-Malesian epiphytic genus of 3 species closely related to Arachnis and characterized by narrow and often spathulate sepals and petals with a long cylindrical spur. Only one species is found in India recorded only from Manipur. Armodorm senapatianum Phukan & Mao, Orch. Rev. 110: 298. 2002. Phukan and Mao described this new species. We haven’t seen any specimen of it. Arundina Blume Arundina is a monotypic Indo-Malesian genus of ground orchids with reedy habit, grass like leaves and a terminal raceme of large, showy, pinkish-purple flowers. It enjoys wide distribution in India. Arundina graminifolia (D. Don) Hochr., Bull. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 6: 270. 1910; Mukerjee, Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 21(3):150. 1953; Deb, Bull. Bot. Surv. India 3(2): 126.1961; Pradhan, Ind. Orch. Guide to Iden. Cult. 439. 1979; Seidenfaden in Opera Bot. 89:16.1986; Chauhan in Pathak et al. (Ed.), Orch. Sci. & Com. 85. 2001. Bletia graminifolia D. Don, Prodr. Fl. Nepal. 29. 1825. Arundina chinensis Blume, Bijdr. 402. 1825; Hook. f., Fl. Brit. India 5: 857. 1890. Arundina bambusifolia Lindl., Bot. Reg. 27. misc.2.1841; Hook. f., Fl. Brit.India 5: 857.1890; Clarke, J. Linn. Soc. 25: 73. 1889; King & Pantling, Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Calcutta 8: 113. Pl. 156. 1898. Clarke’s report was actually from Kohima, Nagaland. Mukerjee recorded this from Ukhrul and said it was common at lower elevations. Specimens Examined: INDIA, Manipur, Kangchup 26.11.1959 D. B. Deb 94 (CAL!); Imphal 16.1.1952 D. B Deb 306 (CAL!); Mongonyung 2.8.1953 D. B. Deb 806 (CAL!); Shunju 12.9.1956 D. B. Deb 2665 & 26668 (CAL!); Kachching hills D. B. Deb 1234 (CAL!); Carong 3500 ft., 16 May 1882 G. Watt 7135 (CAL!); Laireain 5 April 1882, G. Watt 6257 (CAL!); Ukhrul 1700 m. 25.6. 1948 Dr S K Mukerjee 3121 (CAL!). Ascocentrum Schltr. A small Indo-Malesian genus of about 8 epiphytic species characterized by compactly arranged and exceedingly beautiful flowers with along cylindrical spur on lip. Three species are known from India. Two species and a distinct variety are found in Manipur. 1a. Leaves flat, usually dark spotted; spur equalling ovary .……..…...............………A. ampullaceum 1b. Leaves terete, unspotted; spur twice as long as ovary ……………................…… A. himalaicum 1. Ascocentrum ampullaceum (Roxb.) Schltr., Fed. Repert. Beih. 1: 975.1913; Pradhan, Ind. Orch. Guide to Iden. Cult.560.1979; Christenson, Amer. Orch. Soc. Bull. 55(2):106. 1986; Seidenfaden, Opera Bot. 95: 314.1988; Chauhan in Pathak et al. (Ed.), Orch. Sci. & Com. 85. 2001. Aerides ampullacea Roxb., Fl. Ind. 3: 476. Saccolabium ampullaceum (Roxb.)Lindl., Sert. Orch. T. 17.1838; Hook. f., Fl. Brit. India 6: 64. 1890; Clarke, J. Linn. Soc. 25: 173. 1889; King & Pantling, Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Calcutta 8: 220. pl. 293. 1898; Deb, Bull. Bot. Surv. India 3(2):129.1961; C. Sathish Kumar & P. C. Suresh Kumar Devi & Ghatak, Proc. 5th ASEAN Orch. Cong. Sing.74. 1984. Fig. 3c Clarke collected this species from west Manipur (3000 ft.). Devi and Ghatak found it at Tengnoupal. We got specimens from H. B. Singh, the then Orchid Development Officer at Khongapatt. This is believed to be a variable species. Pradhan (1979) reported a deep orange red form from Nagaland and Manipur which he called A. ampullaceaum var. aurantiacum. 11 Bulbophyllum Thouars A pantropical genus of about 900 epiphytic or lithophytic species with long, creeping rhizomes bearing a series of variously shaped, 1 or 2-leaved pseudobulbs having a lateral raceme or umbel of small but pretty flowers. Eighty six species are known from India. Fourteen occure in Manipur including a new species and a new record for India. 1a. Flower large, solitary…………...........…………2 1b. Flowers small in raceme or umbel …….........…..4 2. Ascocentrum himalaicum (Deb, Sengupta & Mallick) Christ., Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 44(2): 256.1987; Chauhan in Pathak et al. (Ed.), Orch. Sci. & Com. 86. 2001. Saccolabium himalaicum Deb, Sengupta & Mallick, Bull Bot. Soc. Bengal 22: 213.1968(1970). Holcoglossum junceum Tsi, Acta Phytotax. Sin. 20:442. 1982. 2a. Leafy during flowering………………......……..3 2b. Leafless during flowering……..B. moniliforme 3a. Pseudobulbs distantly arranged; lateral sepals falcate, sigmoid ………..............……… B. lobbii 3b. Pseudobulbs closely arranged; lateral sepals not falcate …………..................……B. leopardinum This was first collected from Manipur by KingdonWard during his 1946 expedition when his trip was jointly sponsored by the New York Botanic Garden and the U. S. Army. This specimen is deposited in the Herbarium of New York Botanic Garden. At CAL there is an old collection from Sima, Kachin Hills, Upper Burma (at 6000’ December 1899 Shaik Mokim 71, CAL!, paratype) and another one from Shemganga, Bhutan (18.11.1964 D. B. Deb 424, CAL!). 4a. Flowers on a raceme ……………………………5 4b. Flowers on an umbel ………….…………….. 10 5a. Pseudobulbs 2-leaved ..……….……….B. triste 5b. Pseudobulbs 1-leaved …………………....…….6 6a. Flowers 2-3 on a loose inflorescence................... ………………….......…………………. B. reptans 6b. Flowers many on a thick inflorescence ……… 7 Brachycorythis Lindl. 7a. Pseudobulb much reduced…….B. khasyanum An Old World genus of 33 terrestrial species (Summerhayes, 1955) characterized by small tuberoids, long leafy stems which gradually transform into an inflorescence of brightly coloured flowers. Eight species are known from India. Only one species occurs in Manipur. 7b. Pseudobulbs normal …………………………. 8 8a. Petals triangular acute with irregular edges …………………..........…………. B. propinquum 8b. Petals aristate or subulate or with a long thread at apex ……………...............………………….. 9 Brachycorythis galeandra (Rchb. f.) Summerh., Kew Bull. 2:242. 1955; Seidenfaden, Opera Bot. 114: 42. 1992 & Contr. Orch. Fl. Thailand XIII: 9. 1997. Platanthera galeandra Rchb. f., Linnaea 25: 266. 1852. Habenaria galeandra (Rchb. f.) Benth., Fl. Hongkong. 363. 1861; Hook. f., Fl. Brit. India 6:163. p. p. 1890. Habenaria galeandra var. major Hook. f., Fl. Brit. India 6: 164. 1890. Phyllomphax galeandra (Rchb. f.)Schltr., Fed. Repert. 4: 199.1919; Mukerjee, Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 21(3): 154. 1953; Deb, Bull. Bot. Surv. India 3(2):129.1961. 9a. Inflorescence long peduncled; stelidia triangular ………………..................……….B. manipurense 9b. Inflorescence short peduncled; stelidia not triangular, forwards curved, more or less obtuse at apex ………………………….. B. careyanum Specimens Examined: INDIA: Manipur: Khongapatt 29.03. 1996 C. Sathish kumar 28732 (TBGT!). Mukerjee says this species decorates the open slopes of Ukhrul at 1800-2100 m. Deb tells us of its occurrence in Nongmaiching. 10a. Flowers sweet scented; petal 1-veined............. ……………………....………. B. odoratissimum 10b. Flowers not scented; petal 3-veined ………... 11 11a. Lateral sepals more than 25 mm long; stelidia spathulate …….............…B. reichenbachianum 11b. Lateral sepals less than 20 mm long; stelidia narrow pointed ……...........…………………. 12 12 An Orchid Digest of Manipur 12a. Petals cuspidate.………………… B. guttulatum 12b. Petals obtuse………………………...……….. 13 13a. Scape ± 10 cm long, shorter than the leaves........ …………………..............…….….B. umbellatum 13b. Scape above 20 cm long, longer than the leaves ……………….....................…………….B. elatum 1. Bulbophyllum careyanum (Hook.) Spreng., Syst. 3: 732.1826; Hook. f., Fl. Brit. India 5: 760. 1890; King & Pantling, Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Calcutta 8: 71. Pl. 97. 1898; Seidenfaden, Dansk Bot. Ark. 33(3):145.1979; Chauhan in Pathak et al. (Ed.), Orch. Sci. & Com. 86. 2001. Anisopetalon careyanum Hook., Exot. Fl. 2:Pl. 149. 1825. Specimens Examined: INDIA, Manipur: Kasom Khullen 23.03.1996 C. Sathish Kumar 28719 (TBGT!). 2. Bulbophyllum elatum (Hook. f.) J. J. Smith, Bull. Buitenz. 2. s. 8:23.1912; Seidenfaden, Dansk Bot.Ark. 29(1): 210.1973; Garay et al., Nord. J. Bot. 14(6):628. 1994. Cirrhopetalum elatum Hook. f., Fl. Brit. India 5: 775. 1890 & Ic. Pl. 21:T. 2052. 1891; King & Pantling, Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Calcutta 8: 93.Pl. 130.1898; Chauhan in Pathak et al. (Ed.), Orch. Sci. & Com. 86. 2001. We found this species under cultivation at Thoubal. 3. Bulbophyllum guttulatum (Hook. f.) Balakr., J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 67: 66.1970; Shukla & Baishya, J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 76: 227.1979; Garay et al., Nord. J. Bot. 14(6): 631.1994. Bulbophyllum umbellatum Lindl., Bot. Reg. 31: t. 44. 1845, not Lindl. 1830. Cirrhopetalum guttulatum Hook. f., F. Brit. Ind. 5: 776. 1890. Shukla and Baishya reported this species as occurring in Tipaimukh road at 1350 m. on Albizzia sp. 4. Bulbophyllum khasyanum Griffith, Not. 3:284. 1851; Seidenfaden, Dansk Bot. Ark. 33(3): 180. 1979. B. cylindraceum var. khasyanum Hook. f., Fl. Brit. India 5:765. 1890. B. cylindraceum auct. non Lindl.; King & Pantling, Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Calcutta 8: 70. Pl. 96. 1898. 5. Bulbophyllum leopardinum (Wallich) Lindl., Gen. Sp. Orch. 48.1830; Hook. f., Fl. Brit. India 6: 756. 1890; King & Pantling, Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Calcutta 8: 67. Pl. 92. 1898; Seidenfaden, Dansk Bot. Ark. 33(3): 28. 1979; Chauhan in Pathak et al. (Ed.), Orch. Sci. & Com. 86. 2001. Dendrobium leopardinum Wallich, Tent. Fl. Nepal. 1: 39. t. 28. 1824. 6. Bulbophyllum lobbii Lindl., Bot. Reg. sub T. 29.1847; Hook. f., Fl. Brit. India 5: 755. 1890; Seidenfaden, Dansk Bot. Ark. 33(3):21.1979; Kataki et al., Threat. End. Orch. Northeast Ind. 10.1984; Chauhan in Pathak et al. (Ed.), Orch. Sci. & Com. 86. 2001. 7. Bulbophyllum manipurense Sathish et Suresh, sp. nov. Figs. 3d, 4 Pertinens sectorum Careyana Pfitz. e Bulbophyllum. Affinis Bulbophyllum careyanum, B. crassipes et B. nesiotes sed differt a omnis pedunculis longioribus (ad 7 cm), rhachis erectus, sepala dorsalis breviter et obtusa, petala ovata vel triangularis et margine erosa, ad apicem aristata, labium auriculae acuteque triangularis et stelidia triangularis et acuminata. Type: INDIA, Manipur; East; Kason Khullen. 700 m. 18 April 1996. C. Sathish Kumar 28751 (Holotype and Isotypes, TBGT). Flowered under cultivation at TBGRI on 12 June 1997. Belonging to Sect. Careyana Pfitz. of Bulbophyllum and allied to B. careyanum, B. crassipes and B. nesiotes Seidenf. but differing in the longer peduncled inflorescence, erect rachis, much shorter and blunter dorsal sepal and triangular, 2 mm long stelidia. Pseudobulbous herbs. Rhizome 4-5 mm thick, plurinodal and nodes ensheathed. Pseudobulbs 4.5-5 x 2-2.5 cm, ellipsoid, slightly laterally compresed, 4 angled, 1 leaved. Leaves oblong, shortly petioled, 20-20.5 x 2.53 cm, unequally and obtusely 2-lobed at apex. Inflorescence a lateral erect raceme of dense flowers; scape 7 cm long, subtended by copular bracts below. Flowers orange yellow to brown with dirty smell; floral bracts 5 x 2.8-3 mm, ovate, gland-dotted, 3veined and acute at apex; dorsal sepal 3.5 - 4 x 2 mm, oblong-ovate, obtuse, 3-veined, gland dotted; lateral sepals 5 x 3 mm, elliptic ovate, boat-shaped, 4 veined, gland dotted, acute at apex; petals triangular ovate, 2.2 x 1.5 mm, 1-veined, margins erose, aristate at apex; lip thick and fleshy with two triangular auricles at base; auricles 2.5 x 2 mm, medianly grooved, obtuse at apex; column 2 mm long with 1 mm long stelidia above and 2 mm long column foot below to which lateral sepals, petals and lip are attached; operculum 1 mm, 2-celled with 2 pollinia. Fruits not observed. Flowering: May-June Habitat: Evergreen forests at 700 m. Occurrence: India, Manipur, Kasom Khullen. Distribution: Endemic. Specimens Examined: INDIA, Manipur, Kasom Khullen: Flowered under cultivation on 12 June 1997, C. Sathish Kumar 28751 (holo and iso, TBGT!). Note: We sent a series of sketches, photographs and C. Sathish Kumar & P. C. Suresh Kumar observations on our collection to Paul Ormerod (Australia) who discovered the novelty and commented on the affinities in 1999. 13 8. Bulbophyllum moniliforme Parish & Rchb. f., Trans. Linn. Soc.30:151.1874; Hook. f., Fl. Brit. India 5:757. 1890; Seidenfaden, Dansk Bot. Ark. 33(3): 4 mm 2 mm 2 mm b c d 3 mm 2 mm f e 2 mm g 5 cm 2 mm a h Figure 4. Bulbophyllum manipurense Sathish & Suresh. – a. Habit; b. Floral bract; c. Dorsal sepal; d. Petal; e. Lateral sepal; f. Lip; g. Flower, side view (sepals & petals removed); h. Column (after CSK 28751). 14 An Orchid Digest of Manipur 49.1979; Chauhan in Pathak et al. (Ed.), Orch. Sci. & Com. 86. 2001. This species is leafless during flowering with closely arranged glossy green pseudobulbs, solitary flower having a fat blunt nose and a red lip. 9. Bulbophyllum odoratissimum (J. E. Sm.) Lindl., Gen. Sp. Orch. 55.1830; Hook. f., Fl. Brit. India5:758. 1890; King & Pantling, Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Calcutta 8: 79. Pl. 109.1898; Seidenfaden, Dansk Bot. Ark. 33(3): 76.1979; Chauhan in Pathak et al. (Ed.), Orch. Sci. & Com. 86. 2001. Stelis odoratissima J. E. Sm. in Ress Cyclop. 34:12. 1814. Flower has an orange lip. 10. Bulbophyllum propinquum Krzl., Orchis 2:62. 1908; Seidenfaden, Dansk Bot. Ark. 33(3): 123. 1979. Fig. 5 Pseudobulbous epiphytes. Pseudobulbs conical, pale green, 2.7 x 1.7 cm, 1-leaved. Leaves oblong, 14.2 x 1.8 cm, obtusely bilobed at apex. Inflorescence a lateral raceme; scape about 4 cm long, pale green, lower portion covered with 3-4 cupular bracts, fairly densely flowered, reddish brown in colour; bracts 5 x 2.5 cm, 3-veined, gland dotted, ovate, pale green with light brown at base; dorsal sepal 4.5 x 3 mm, 5-veined, thickly gland dotted, oblong-ovate with acute apex having deep violet striations on the dorsal side; lateral sepals 6.5 x 3.5-4 mm, 5-veined, sparingly gland dotted, widely obovate with rounded apex, joined at the apices; petals 1.2 x 2 mm, triangular, broader than long, 1veined, gland dotted, slightly oblique at base, acuminate at apex; lip thick and fleshy, 3.5 x 2 mm, auricled at base, papillate at the median region, papillae small, auricles with irregular edge, obtuse at apex; column 2.5 mm long, stelids 1 mm long with irregular edge, column foot 2 mm long to which lateral sepals and lip are attached; operculum less than 1 mm, grooved at apex, 2-celled with 2 pairs of pollinia. Fruits not seen. identification of this species was confirmed by Paul Ormerod who studied Hosseus’ type from Doi Suthep, Thailand preserved at C. We checked at BKF but there was no specimen of this species available there. 11. Bulbophyllum reichenbachianum Krzl., Bot. Jahrb. 17:49. 1893; Garay et al., Nord. J. Bot. 14(6): 627.1994. Bulbophyllum mannii Rchb. f., Flora 55: 275.1872, non Hook. f. 1864. Cirrhopetalum mannii (Rchb. f.) Mukerjee, Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 21(3):151. 1953. Garay et al. found this species distinct from B. delictescens Hance in which it was synonymized. Mukerjee found this species in Ukhrul at 1500 m. 12. Bulbophyllum reptans (Lindl.)Lindl., Gen. Sp. Orch. 51.1830; Hook. f., Fl. Brit. India 5:768. 1890; King & Pantling, Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Calcutta 8: 78. Pl. 106. 1898; Seidenfaden, Dansk Bot. Ark. 33(3): 109.1979; Chauhan in Pathak et al. (Ed.), Orch. Sci. & Com. 86. 2001. Tribrachia reptans Lindl., Coll. Bot. T. 41 a. 1826. Flowers are 2-3 on a loose raceme. 13. Bulbophyllum triste Rchb. f., Walp. Ann. 6: 253. 1861; Hook. f., Fl. Brit. India 5:768. 1890; King & Pantling, Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Calcutta 8: 73. Pl. 98 1898; Seidenfaden, Dansk Bot. Ark. 33(3): 213.1979; Chauhan in Pathak et al. (Ed.), Orch. Sci. & Com. 86. 2001. This is a two-leaved species. 14. Bulbophyllum umbellatum Wallich ex Lindl., Gen. Sp. Orch. 56.1830; Seidenfaden, Dansk Bot.Ark. 29(1):178.1973; Chauhan in Pathak et al. (Ed.), Orch. Sci. & Com. 86. 2001. Cirrhopetalum maculosum Lindl., Bot. Reg. 27, misc. 81.1841; Hook. f., Fl. Brit. India 5: 776. 1890; King & Pantling, Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Calcutta 8: 95. Pl. 132. 1898. Calanthe R. Br. Flowering: February-March Habitat: In evergreen forests at 700 m. Occurrence: India, Manipur, Kasom Khullen Distribution: India and Thailand Specimens Examined: INDIA, Manipur, Kasom Khullen: Forest near a military camp, C. Sathish Kumar 28755 (TBGT!). Note: This was originally described by Kraenzlin based on Hosseus collection from Thailand where it was until now believed to be endemic. Our collection from Manipur is thus a new record for India. It was introduced into TBGRI where it flowered in 1998. Our Calanthe is a pantropical genus of about 150 species of large terrestrial or rarely epiphytic orchids with or without pseudobulbs bearing large plicate leaves and a lateral raceme of large showy and variously coloured flowers. Twenty five species are known from India. Seven species occur in Manipur. 1a. Bracts caducuous...............................C. densiflora 1b. Bracts persistent ……………………………….2 2a. Spur nil or minute ……………………………. 3 2b. Spur 4 mm or more long ………………………5 C. Sathish Kumar & P. C. Suresh Kumar c d h 1 mm 2 mm 2 mm 15 2 mm e b 3 mm f 5 cm g 2 mm a j 1 mm i Figure 5. Bulbophyllum propinquum Krzl. – a. Habit; b. Floral bract; c. Dorsal sepal; d. Petal; e. Lateral sepal; f. Lip (side view); g. Lip front view; h. Flower (sepals and petals removed); i. Column; j. Operculum with pollinia (after CSK 28755). 16 An Orchid Digest of Manipur 3a. Lip with sidelobes ………….………………… 4 3b. Lip without sidelobes…………….….C. biloba 4a. Disc with 3 small conical lamellae................ …………………………C. brevicornu var. wattii 4b. Disc with 3 large crenulate fleshy ridges ………………........……………… C. tricarinata 5a. Spur short, conical, pubescent ………C. mannii 5b. Spur long (10-50 mm), terete, glabrous ………..6 6a. Flowers white; sidelobes and lobules of midlobe subsimilar …………….....................…….angusta 6b. Flowers mauve to purple/rose; midlobe much larger than sidelobes…...............….. C. sylvatica 1. Calanthe angusta Lindl., Fol. Orch. Calanthe 7.1854; Hook. f., Fl. Brit. India5:849. 1890; King & Pantling, Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Calcutta 8::171. Pl. 232.1898; Mukerjee, Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 21(3): 150.1953; Seidenfaden, Dansk Bot.Ark. 29(2):12.1975; Kataki et al. Threat. End. Orch. Northeast Ind. 13.1984; Chauhan in Pathak et al. (Ed.), Orch. Sci. & Com. 86. 2001. Watt collected this species in 1882 at an altitude of 3500 ft. Mukerjee recorded it from Ukhrul at 1700 m. 2. Calanthe biloba Lindl., Fol. Orch. Calanthe 3.1854; Hook. f., Fl. Brit. India 5:848. 1890; King & Pantling, Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Calcutta 8: 169.Pl. 228.1898; Mukerjee, Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 21(3): 150. 1953; Deb, Bull. Bot. Surv. India 3(2):126.1961; Seidenfaden, Dansk Bot. Ark. 29(2):11.1975; Chauhan in Pathak et al. (Ed.), Orch. Sci. & Com. 86. 2001. Mukerjee recorded this species from Ukhrul. 3. Calanthe brevicornu Lindl., Gen. Sp. Orch. 251.1830; Mukerjee, Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 21(3): 150. 1953; Deb, Bull. Bot. Surv. India 3(2):126.1961; Chauhan in Pathak et al. (Ed.), Orch. Sci. & Com. 86.2001. Mukerjee found this species at Sirohee, while Deb recorded it both from Sirohee and Koupru. J. D. Hooker (1890) described a var. wattii under this species based on Watt’s collection from Manipur. This specimen is available at CAL. Mukerjee collected this variety also from Tuishar at 1800. 5. Calanthe mannii Hook. f., Fl. Brit. India 5:850.1890; Chauhan in Pathak et al. (Ed.), Orch. Sci. & Com. 86. 2001. J. D. Hooker based his description of this species on specimens collected by Duthie from Kumaon and Mann and Clarke from Meghalaya. 6. Calanthe sylvatica (Thouars) Lindl., Gen. Sp. Orch. 250.1833; Seidenfaden & Wood, Orch. Penin. Mal. Sing. 167. 1992; Seidenfaden, Opera Bot. 124:17. 1995. Centrosis sylvatica Thouars, Iles. Aust. Afr. T. 35, 36.1822. Bletia masuca D. Don, Prodr. Fl. Nepal. 30. 1825. Calanthe masuca (D. Don) Lindl., Gen. Sp. Orch. 249.1833; Hook. f., Fl. Brit. India 5:850.1890; Seidenfaden, Dansk Bot.Ark. 29(2):19.1975; Chauhan in Pathak et al. (Ed.), Orch. Sci. & Com. 86. 2001. This is a species widespread from Africa to Asia. 7. Calanthe tricarinata Lindl., Gen. Sp. Orch. 252. 1833; Hook. f., Fl. Brit. India 5:847.1890; Chauhan in Pathak et al. (Ed.), Orch. Sci. & Com. 86. 2001. Lip of this species is brown purple with disc bearing 3 large crenulate fleshy ridges. Cephalanthera L. C. Rich. A Eurasian terrestrial genus of 14 temperate species characterized by creeping rhizome, conduplicate leaves and glabrous raceme of many white flowers. Three species are known from India and only one species occurs in Manipur. Cephalanthera longifolia (L.) Fritsch in Oest. Bot. Zeitschr. 38: 81. 1888; Chauhan in Pathak et al. (Ed.), Orch. Sci. & Com. 86. 2001. Serapias helleborine var. longifolia L., Sp. Pl. 950. 1753. Cephalanthera ensifolia L. C. Rich. in Mem. Mus. Hist. Nat. 4: 60.1818; Hook. f., Fl. Brit. India 6:125. 1890. This is a widely distributed species from temperate and Mediterranean Eurasia to the Himalayas. Cephalantheropsis Guillaumin An Indo-Malesian genus of 5 species (Ormerod, 1998) of terrestrial orchids characterized by elongate, laxly leaved stems and axillary inflorescence of small flowers. Two species are known to occur in India and both are found in Manipur. 4. Calanthe densiflora Lindl., Gen.Sp.Orch. 250. 1833; Hook. f., Fl. Brit. India 5:855. 1890; Chauhan in Pathak et al. (Ed.), Orch. Sci. & Com. 86.2001; Ormerod, Oasis Suppl. 2: 7. 2001. 1a. Sidelobes of lip falcate to uncinate, acute; midlobe emarginate ……....……..C. obcordata 1b. Sideloboes of lip truncate, rounded, crenate; midlobe flabelliform …......……… C. longipes Ormerod added Phaius epiphyticus Seidenf. from Thailand as a synonym of this species. 1. Cephalantheropsis obcordata (Lindl.) Ormerod, Orch. Dig. 62(4): 157. 1998. Bletia obcordata Lindl., Gen. C. Sathish Kumar & P. C. Suresh Kumar Sp. Orch. 128. 1831. Calanthe gracilis Lindl., Gen. Sp. Orch. 251. 1833; Hook. f., Fl. Brit. India 5: 855. 1890; King & Pantling, Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Calcutta 8: 165. Pl. 222. 1898; Mukerjee, Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 21(3): 151. 1953. Calanthe tubifera Hook. f., Fl. Brit. India 5: 855. 1890. Ormerod who made a detailed study of the genus found that the oldest name which could be applied for the plant recorded from northeastern states was Bletia obcordata Lindl. originating from Sylhet in Bangladesh and accordingly effected its transfer to Cephalantheropsis. 2. Cephalantheropsis longipes (Hook. f.) Ormerod, Orch. Dig. 61(4):156. 1998. Calanthe longipes Hook. f., Fl. Brit. India 6:195. 1890. Phaius longipes (Hook. f.) Holtt., Gard. Bull. Str. Settl. 11:286. 1947; Deb, Bull. Bot. Surv. India 3(2): 129. 1961. Deb reported two collections from Lamdom and Koupru. Ceratostylis Blume An Indo-Malesio-Polynesian genus about 100 epiphytic species with densely tufted stems bearing thick and fleshy linear-lanceolate leaves and small flowers. Three species are known from India. Only one species has been recorded from Manipur. Ceratostylis himalaica Hook. f., Fl. Brit. India 5:826. 1890 & Ic. Pl. T. 2101.1892; Pradhan, Ind. Orch. Guide to Iden. Cult. 431. 1979; Seidenfaden, Opera Bot. 89: 117.1986. Ritaia himalaica (Hook. f.)King & Pantl., Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Calcutta 8:157. Pl. 214. 1898; Chauhan in Pathak et al. (Ed.), Orch. Sci. & Com. 94. 2001. Chiloschista Lindley An Indo-Malesian genus of about 20 epiphytic species with a bunch of green, often flattened roots on a small central stem bearing one or more clusters of attractive flowers. Leaves precede flowering. Four species are known from India. Only one species occurs in Manipur. Chiloschista parishii Seidenf., Opera Bot. 95:176.1988; Chauhan in Pathak et al. (Ed.), Orch. Sci. & Com. 86. 2001. Cleisostoma Blume An Indo-Malesian genus of about 100 epiphytic species characterized by the presence of variously ornamented backwall callus in the lip of flowers. Nineteen species are known from India. Four species are recorded earlier from Manipur. We add two more, Cleisostoma discolor Lindl. and C. williamsonii (Rchb. f.) Garay. 17 1a. Leaves dorsiventral………………….............… 2 1b. Leaves terete ………………………...........……. 3 2a. Leaf tip triangular, acuminate acute; scape pink in colour …….................……………..C. discolor 2b. Leaf tip broad obtuse; scape light yellow in colour …………............…………C. racemiferum 3a. Stipes of pollinia mitre-shaped....C. williamsonii 3b. Stipes of pollinia not mitre-shaped, linear.........4 4a. Backwall callus nearly pentagonal or heartshaped .. ……………........…………. C. filiforme 4b. Backwall callus with side horns.........................5 5a. Backwall callus sagittate, lower end bilobed with spiny projections …..........….. C. rolfeanum 5b. Backwall callus diamond shaped ................ ..................................................C. appendiculatum 1. Cleisostoma appendiculatum (Lindl.) Benth. & Hook. f. ex Jacks., Ind. Kew. 1: 555. 1895; Seidenfaden, Dansk Bot. Ark. 29(2):58.1975; Chauhan in Pathak et al. (Ed.), Orch. Sci. & Com. 87. 2001. Aerides appendiculata Lindl., Gen. Sp. Orch. 242. 1833. Sarcanthus appendiculatus (Lindl.) Parish in Mason, Burma 2:181.1883; Hook. f., Fl. Brit. India 6: 67. 1890 & Ic. Pl. 2136. 1893. 2. Cleisostoma discolor Lindl., Edward’s Bot. Reg. 31: misc. 59.1845; Hook. f., Fl. Brit. India 6:75. 1890; Seidenfaden, Dansk Bot. Ark. 29(2):12. 1975. Sarcanthus termissus Rchb. f., Hamb. Gartenz. 16: 15. 1860; Hook. f., Fl. Brit. India 6: 75. 1890. Sarcanthus macrodon Rchb. f, Gard. Chron. 1555. 1875. Saccolabium rostellarum Hook. f., Fl. Brit. India 6: 59. 1890 & Ic. Pl. T. 2132. 1893. Sarcanthus auriculatus Rolfe, Kew Bull. 1895: 9. 1895. Fig. 6 Epiphytes with 7 cm long stem. Leaves flat, 9.5-17 x 1.5-19 cm, unequally bilobed at apex with a mucro in between, lobes acute or acuminate at apex. Inflorescence 9.5-28.5 cm long, branched, arising from the base of the stem, deep purple in colour. Flowers yellow, 7 mm across sidelobes; floral bracts 1.25x 1 mm, triangular, pale brown; sepals and petals greyish yellow; dorsal sepal 4-4.5 x 2-2.25 mm, ovate, 3veined, gland dotted, lateral sepals 4-4.25 x 2-2.25 mm, 3-veined, ovate, gland dotted; petals 3.25-4 x 2 mm, ovate, 3-veined, gland dotted, obtuse at apex; lip off white in colour, 3-lobed, sidelobes oblong with dentate margin and a callus plate within, midlobe triangular, folded upward towards the column; spur off white, 4.5 mm long, completely septate inside, backwall callus slightly bilobed at apex having 18 An Orchid Digest of Manipur minute papillae; column 2 mm long, rostellum conical pink in colour, operculum 2 celled with a deep pink line, 1.75 x 1.25 mm; pollinia 4 in two equally divided halves, stipe 1.25 mm long, spathulate and transparent. Fruits not observed. This is a new record for the state. We collected this species from Tupul and introduced it into TBGRI. It frequently flowers in the garden. Peduncle of the inflorescence is characteristically deep purple in colour, flimsy and often branched with creamy 3 mm g b 2 mm 1 mm j h 1 mm c 5 cm d 4 mm e a f Figure 6. Cleisostoma discolor Lindl. – a. Habit; b. Flower (front view); c. Floral bract; d. Dorsal sepal; e. Petal; f. Lateral sepal; g. Flower (cut through column and lip); h. Column and lip (cut through spur) showing backwall callus (after CSK 28743). C. Sathish Kumar & P. C. Suresh Kumar yellow flowers. Ormerod sent us a series of sketches after types proving C. discolor Lindl. as the oldest name. Flowering: May-June (under cultivation). Habitat: Evergreen forests at 800 m. Occurrence: India, Manipur, Tupul. Distribution: India, Thailand, Cambodia, Malaya, Sumatra and Java. Specimens Examined: INDIA, Manipur: Tupul. Flowered under cultivation 3 June 1996 C.Sathish Kumar 28743 (TBGT!); 2 June 1997, C. Sathish Kumar 28762 (TBGT!). 3. Cleisostoma filiforme (Lindl.) Garay, Bot. Mus. Leafl. Harv. Univ. 23(4):171.1972; Seidenfaden, Dansk Bot. Ark. 29(2):55; Chauhan in Pathak et al. (Ed.), Orch. Sci. & Com. 87. 2001. Sarcanthus filiformis Lindl., Bot. Reg. 28, misc. 61.1842; Hook. f., Fl. Brit. India 6: 66. 1890; King & Pantling, Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Calcutta 8: 240. Pl. 319. 1898. Devi and Ghatak reported one ‘Sarcanthus filiformis Wight’ from Khongampatt. Wight’s type was from Southern India and it now belongs to a genus of its own called Seidenfadeniella, found only in Southern India and Sri Lanka. Devi and Ghatak’s plant could be C. filiforme (Lindl.) Garay, recorded from the neighbouring states. We have not seen their specimen. 4. Cleisostoma racemiferum (Lindl.) Garay, Bot. Mus. Leafl. Harv. Univ. 23(4): 173. 1972; Seidenfaden, Dansk Bot. Ark. 29(3): 16.1975; Chauhan in Pathak et al. (Ed.), Orch. Sci. & Com. 87. 2001. Saccolabium racemiferum Lindl., Gen. Sp. Orch. 224. 1833. Sarcanthus pallidus Lindl., Bot. Reg. 27, misc. 78.1840; Hook. f., Fl. Brit. India 6:68. 1890; King & Pantling, Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Calcutta 8: 241. Pl. 320. 1898. Sarcanthus lorifolius Parish ex Hook. f., Fl. Brit. India 6: 69. 1890 & Ic. Pl. T. 2139. 1893. We couldn’t collect this species from Manipur and is included on the authority of Chauhan. We have a collection at TBGRI from Arunachal Pradesh flowering frequently. 5. Cleisostoma rolfeanum (King & Pantl.) Garay, Bot. Mus. Leafl. Harv. Univ. 23(4):174.1972; Seidenfaden, Dansk Bot.Ark. 29(2):57. 1975; Phukan & Mao, Orch. Rev. 112:115. 2004. Sarcanthus rolfeanus King & Pantl., Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal 66(3): 594. 1897. Fig. 7 Pendulous epiphytes. Stem slender, 6-30 cm long, 0.180.25 cm thick, internodes 1.5- 3 cmm long, deeply purple dotted. Leaves terete, acute, 8-16 x 0.2-0.25 cm, green with purple spots. Inflorescence above the axil, opposite to the leaves, 5 cm long; peduncle purple 19 with tubular sheaths at the base. Flowers 7 mm in length and 5 mm across; ovary with pedicel 7 mm long, light purple; floral bract triangular, 1.5 x 1mm, 1-veined; dorsal sepal 3 x 2 mm, 3 veined, entire, gland dotted, oblong, reflexed; lateral sepals 4 x 2.5 mm, reflexed, 3 veined, gland dotted, oblong, entire, dark purplish brown; petals 2.5 x 1 mm, linear, obtuse at apex, one veined, reflexed, dark purplish brown; lip 5 mm long, 3 lobed, white; sidelobes oblong with upper margins wavy, converging; midlobe triangular, 3 lobulate, sidleobes small and less than 1 mm, middle lobule 1.5 mm, inwardly folded towards the column, tinged with light purple; backwall callus sagittate, broader than long, the lower end bilobed with small spiny projections, a pair of papillate structures occur behind the backwall callus near the septum; septum near the base of the spur; spur 2-lobed, globose, 2 mm long; column short, white, 3 mm long with distinct column foot having small papillae; operculum 2-celled, 1.5 x 1.25, purple, acute at apex; pollinia 4 in two unequal pairs, stipe 1 mm long, transparent, mitre shaped, viscidium pink. Fruit not observed. This species was reported as a new record for India from Manipur by Phukan and Mao (2004). It was originally described by King and Pantling based on Peche’s collection from Moulmein, Myanmar. Seidenfaden (1975) recorded it from Thailand, its eastern limit. This species is very characteristic with its very peculiar backwall callus. We collected this species from Kasom Khullen. Flowering: May-June Habitat: Evergreen forests at 700 m. Occurrence: India, Manipur, Kasom Khullen. Distribution: India, Myanmar and Thailand. Specimens Examined: INDIA, Manipur, Kasom Khullen: Cultivated at TBGRI, 3 June 1996 C. Sathish Kumar 28742 (TBGT!); Senapati Hills, A. A. Mao 68282 (ASSAM). MYANMAR: Moulmein: Peche s. n. (CAL!, type). 6. Cleisostoma williamsonii (Rchb. f.) Garay, Bot. Mus. Leafl. Harv. Univ. 23(4): 176.1972; Seidenfaden, Dansk Bot.Ark. 29(2):50.1975. Sarcanthus williamsonii Rchb.f., Hamb. Gaertnez. 21:353. 1865. Pendulous epiphytes. Stems 20 cm long and 0.3 cm thick, cylindrical, internodes 1.5-2.5 cm apart. Leaves 4.5-8 cm long, terete, rounded at apex. Inflorescence 12 cm long arising from the middle of the internode, many flowered; floral bracts shorter than the ovary, ovatelanceolate. Flowers white, 5 mm across; sepals ovateoblong; petals smaller, oblong; lip 3-lobed, sidelobes 20 An Orchid Digest of Manipur erect, oblong-obtuse, subfalcate, midlobe incurved fleshy, thickly clawed, spur globose, backwall callus bilobed at both ends having small papillae at the distal lobes; pollinia 2, minute, subglobose, unequally divided. Fruit not seen. We found this species at Kasom Khullen near the Army Camp, growing pendulosly on lofty trees. This is a new state record. Flowering: April-May a 3 mm d c 1 cm 4 mm e f 3 mm b CSK 28742 1 mm g 4 mm 1 mm i h Figure 7. Cleisostoma rolfeanum (King & Pantl.) Garay – a. Flower (side view); b. Floral bract; c. Dorsal sepal; d. Lateral sepal; e. Petal; f. Column with spur mouth showing the backwall callus; g. Operculum; h. Pollinarium; i. Section of spur showing backwall callus and lateral calli. C. Sathish Kumar & P. C. Suresh Kumar Habitat: Evergreen forests Occurrence: India, Manipur, Sikkim. Distribution: India, Bhutan, Thailand, China, Malaya, Sumtra, Java, Borneo. Specimens Examined: INDIA, Manipur, Kasom Khullen: Flowered under cultivation on 6th May 1996, C. Sathish Kumar s. n. (TBGT!). Coelogyne Lindley An Indo-Malesian genus of about 200 species (Clayton, 2002) of epiphytic or lithophytic orchids with variously shaped and clustered, 2-leaved pseudobulbs on a thick rhizome and bearing terminal raceme of very showy flowers. India is known have 35 species. Twenty are found in Manipur. 1a. All flowers opening at the same time ……………………………………..……………. 2 1b. All flowers not opening at the same time …………………………………….........……….12 2a. Scape with imbricating sterile bracts at the junction of peduncle and rachis …….....…….. 3 2b. Scape with imbricating sterile bracts mainly at the base of the peduncle……............…………10 3a. Rachis producing single set of flowers ……….4 3b. Rachis extending with new imbricating bracts to produce further annual sets of flowers.........8 9b. 21 Flowers mostly yellow to yellowish green ……………………..........…………… C. prolifera 10a. Midlobe margins fimbriate; keels 2 or 3 ………………………….........…………………..11 10b. Midlobe margins undulate; keels 3 or 4 ..…………………...…….………… C. micrantha 11a. Lip fimbriate……………………….. C. fimbriata 11b. Lip margined with black hairs …….... C. ovalis 12a. Ovary hairy or papillate …………. C. pulverula 12b. Ovary glabrous ………………………………..13 13a. Sepals, petals and lip margins generally undulate ……………......……………C. cristata 13b. Sepals, petals and lip margins not undulate ……………………...............……………..……..14 14a. Petals and sepals of equal width ………..…...15 14b. Petals always narrower than sepals ……..…..17 15a. Inflorescence hysteranthous ……..C. punctulata 15b. Inflorescence proteranthous to synanthous......16 16a. Pseudobulbs 7.5-10 cm long ………… C. nitida 16b. Pseudobulbs 2.5-4 cm long …… C. corymbosa 17a. Lip with thin membraneous margins......... …………….....…………………… C. suaveolens 17b. Lip with firm edges…………………..………. 18 4a. Lip with 5 keels …………………….C. griffithii 18a. Inflorescence heteranthous ………. C. flaccida 4b. Lip with 2 or 3 keels …………………....………5 18b. Inflorescence proteranthous to synanthous......19 5a. Dorsal sepal more than 1.5 cm long ........…….6 5b. Dorsal sepal less than 1.5 cm long......C. ghatakii 19a. Leaves lanceolate-linear with 3 very prominent veins …………...........................…….. C. trinervis 6a. Lip with fimbriate keels…....……… C. barbata 6b. Lip with crenulate or dentate keels ………….. 7 7a. Midlobe of lip broadly ovate, 3 lobulate with 3 minute dentate to entire and undulate keels near the base, keels becoming irregular papillae ……..................................................... C. holochila 7b. Midlobe of lip suborbicular or cordate, margin erose, 2 crenulate keels terminating at the base of the midlobe …………………………C. stricta 19b. Leaves linear, finely nerved ………. C. viscosa 1. Coelogyne barbata Griffith, Itin. Not. 3: 280.1851; Hook. f., Fl. Brit. India 5:839.1890; Mukerjee, Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 21(3): 151. 1953; Deb, Bull. Bot. Surv. India 3(2):126.1961; Das & Jain, Fasc. Fl. India 5: 7.1980; Chauhan in Pathak et al. (Ed.), Orch. Sci. & Com. 87. 2001 Clayton, The Genus Coelogyne 32. 2002. 8a. Pseudobulbs ovoid or ellipsoid ........................ 9 8b. Pseudobulbs cylindric or narrowly ovoid……………………………........C. longipes Griffith’s type originated in Mawsmai, Meghalaya. George Watt was the first to collect this species from Manipur (George Watt 7452, CAL!) followed by Meebold in December 1907 (Meebold 6926, CAL!) and Mukerjee (Dr S. K. Mukerjee 3238, CAL!). Deb also collected this species. 9a. Flowers white to brown, sidelobes of lip brown…………………........………. C. schultesii 2. Coelogyne corymbosa Lindl., Fol. Orch. Coelogyne 7.1852; Hook. f., Fl. Brit. India 5: 831. 1890; King & 22 An Orchid Digest of Manipur Pantling, Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Calcutta 8: 134. T. 185.1898; Mukerjee, Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 21(3): 161. 1953; Deb, Bull. Bot. Surv. India 3(2):126. 1961; Das & Jain, Fasc. Fl India 5: 9. 1980; Chauhan in Pathak et al. (Ed.), Orch. Sci. & Com. 87. 2001; Clayton, The Genus Coelogyne 187. 2002. Mukerjee recorded this species from Ukhrul at 2000 m. 3. Coelogyne cristata Lindl., Coll. Bot. sub t. 33.1821; Hook. f., Fl. Brit. India 5: 829. 1890; King & Pantling, Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Calcutta 8: 133. Pl. 184.1898; Das & Jain, Fasc. Fl. India 5:9.1980; Devi & Ghatak, Proc. 5th ASEAN Orch. Cong. Sing. 74.1984; Ghatak & Devi in Vij (Ed.) Biol. Cons. Cult. Orch. 358.1986; Chauhan in Pathak et al. (Ed.), Orch. Sci. & Com. 87. 2001; Clayton, The Genus Coelogyne 173. 2002. Devi and Ghatak reported this species from Ukhrul at 1900 m. 4. Coelogyne fimbriata Lindl., Bot. Reg. 11: T.868.1825; Hook. f., Fl. Brit. India 5:836.1890; Mukerjee, Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 21(3): 151. 1953; Deb, Bull. Bot. Surv. India 3(2):126.1961; Das & Jain, Fasc. Fl.India 5: 10.1980; Chauhan in Pathak et al. (Ed.), Orch. Sci. & Com. 87. 2001; Clayton, The Genus Coelogyne 51. 2002. Mukerjee recorded this species from Khangkhui at 2300 m. 5. Coelogyne flaccida Lindl., Gen. Sp. Orch. 39.1830; Hook. f., Fl. Brit. India 5: 829.1890; King & Pantling, Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Calcutta 8: 133. Pl. 183. 1898; Seidenfaden, Dansk Bot. Ark. 29(2):38. 1975; Das & Jain, Fasc. Fl. India 5: 10.1980; Chauhan in Pathak et al. (Ed.), Orch. Sci. & Com. 87. 2001; Clayton, The Genus Coelogyne 51. 2002. Das and Jain included this species in the revision as occurring in Manipur. 6. Coelogyne ghataki Paul, Basu & Biswas, J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 86(3):425. 1989; Clayton, The Genus Coelogyne 34. 2002. This species was described based on Dr J. N. Ghatak’s collection from Imphal Valley. It is related to C. griffthii Hook. f. but differs in having a shorter inflorescence bearing yellow flowers, 3 veined sepals, smaller petals and lip with ovate-oblong sidelobes and 2 keels. 7. Coelogyne griffithii Hook. f., Fl. Brit. India 5: 838. 1890 & Ic. Pl. t. 2108.1894; Das & Jain, Fasc. Fl. India 5: 12.1980; Chauhan in Pathak et al. (Ed.), Orch. Sci. & Com. 87. 2001; Clayton, The Genus Coelogyne 35. 2002. J. D. Hooker described this species based on Watt’s collection (6780, CAL!) from Khongui Valley in Manipur and Griffith’s collection from Patkoye Mts (5091, K), Upper Assam. 8. Coelogyne holochila P. F. Hunt & Summerh., Kew Bull. 20:52. 1966; Das & Jain, Fasc. Fl India 5: 15. 1980; Clayton, The Genus Coelogyne 35. 2002. C. elata W. J. Hook., Bot. Mag. 83:t.5001.1857, non Lindl. 1830. This species was described by Hunt and Summerhayes who found that one of the Coelogynes drawn in Karenzlin and Pfitzer’s monograph did not represent the true C. elata Lindl. Kew had several collections of this species which Hunt and Summerhayes used for drawing up a description. 9. Coelogyne longipes Lindl., Fol. Orch. Coelogyne 10.1954; Hook. f., Fl. Brit. India 5:839.1890; Seidenfaden, Dansk Bot. Ark. 29(2):80.1975; Das & Jain, Fasc. Fl. India 5: 16.1980; Ormerod, Austr. Orch. Rev. 62(1): 22. 1997; Clayton, The Genus Coelogyne 44. 2002. Slender cylindric to very narrowly ovoid pseudobulbs, lemon yellow flowers with lip broadly margined brown on sidelobes and epichile are very characteristic of this species. Mukerjee collected it from Ukhrul at 1900 m. on 4.9.1948 (Dr S. K. Mukerjee 3439, CAL!). Sinha reported it in 1954 from Mao at 8000’ (S. C. Sinha 1893, CAL!) 10. Coelogyne micrantha Lindl., Gard. Chron. 173.1855; Hook. f., Fl. Brit. India 5: 836.1890 & 6:194.1890; Das & Jain, Fasc. Fl. India 5: 16. 1980. Flowers of this species are pale brown, c. 1 cm across; lip has a broadly oblong and retuse midlobe, pale brown with dark brown spots. 11. Coelogyne nitida (Wallich ex D. Don) Lindl., Coll. Bot. Sub T. 33.1822; Seidenfaden, Dansk Bot. Ark. 29(2):53.1975; Das & Jain, Fasc. Fl. India 5: 19.1980; Chauhan in Pathak et al. (Ed.), Orch. Sci. & Com. 87. 2001; Clayton, The Genus Coelogyne 189. 2002. Cymbidium nitidum Wallich ex D. Don, Prodr. Fl. Nepal. 35. 1825. Coelogyne ochracea Lindl., Bot. Reg. T. 69, 1846; Hook. f., Fl. Brit. India 5:831. 1890; King & Pantling, Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Calcutta 8: 132. Pl. 182. 1898: Devi and Ghatak reported this species from Mao at 1757 m. We got our specimens from Khongampatt. Specimens Examined: INDIA: Manipur; Kason Khullen, flowered under cultivation 25.11.1996 C. Sathish Kumar 28752 (TBGT!). C. Sathish Kumar & P. C. Suresh Kumar 12. Coelogyne ovalis Lindl., Bot. Reg. 24:91, misc. 171.1838; Hook. f., Fl. Brit. India 5:836. 1890; King & Pantling, Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Calcutta 8: 135. Pl. 187.1898; Mukerjee, Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 21(3):151.1953; Seidenfaden, Dansk Bot.Ark. 29(2):23.1975; Das & Jain, Fasc. Fl. India 5: 23.1980; Chauhan in Pathak et al. (Ed.), Orch. Sci. & Com. 87. 2001; Clayton, The Genus Coelogyne 53. 2002. Mukerjee recorded it from Ukhrul. 13. Coelogyne prolifera Lindl., Gen. Sp. Orch. 40.1830; Hook. f., Fl. Brit. India 5: 838. 1890; King & Pantling, Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Calcutta 8: 137. Pl. 190.1898; Seidenfaden, Dansk Bot. Ark. 29(2):78.1975; Das & Jain, Fasc. Fl. India 5: 23.1980; Devi & Ghatak Proc. 5th ASEAN Orch. Cong. Sing.74.1984; Ghatak & Devi in Vij (Ed.), Biol. Cons. Cult. Orch. 358. 1986; Ormerod, Austr. Orch. Rev. 62(1):21.1997; Chauhan in Pathak et al. (Ed.), Orch. Sci. & Com. 87. 2001; Clayton, The Genus Coelogyne 44. 2002. C. flavida Lindl., Fol. Orch. Coelogyne 10. 1854. S. J. Das determined an old specimen (A. Meebold 9219, CAL!) from Lubza as belonging to this species from Manipur. Devi and Ghatak reported it from Chinanlong at 1054 m. 14. Coelogyne punctulata Lindl., Coll. Bot. Sub t. 33. 1821; Das & Jain, Fasc. Fl. India 5: 24. 1980; Chauhan in Pathak et al. (Ed.), Orch. Sci. & Com. 87. 2001; Clayton, The genus Coelogyne 191. 2002. Cymbidium nitidum Roxb., Fl. Ind. 3:612.1832, non Wallich ex D. Don 1825. Coelogyne nitida (Roxb.) Hook. f., Fl. Brit. India 5:837. 1890. Das and Jain segregated two forms under this with the typical one occurring in Manipur. 15. Coelgyne pulverula Teijsm. & Binnend., Nat. Tijdschr. Ned. Ind. 24:300. 1862. C. dayana Rchb. f., Gard. Chron. 2: s. 21:826.1824; Seidenfaden, Dansk Bot.Ark. 29(2):65.1975; Ghatak & Devi in Vij (Ed.) Biol. Cons. Cult. Orch. 360. 1986; Clayton, The Genus Coelogyne 145. 2002. Ghatak and Devi reported the occurrence of this otherwise Malayan species from Ukhrul. 16. Coelogyne schultesii Jain & Das, Proc. Ind. Acad. Sci. 87 B(5):119.1978; Das & Jain, Fasc. Fl. India 5: 28. 1980; Ormerod, Austr. Orch. Rev. 62(1):21.1997; Chauhan in Pathak et al. (Ed.), Orch. Sci. & Com. 87. 2001; Clayton, The Genus Coelogyne 46. 2002. C. prolifera auct. non Lindl.: Lindl., Fol. Orch. Coelogyne 10.1854 p.p.; Hook. f., Fl. Brit. India 5: 838.1890. p. p.; King & Pantling, Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Calcutta 8: 137, T. 190.1898; Seidenfaden, Dansk Bot.Ark. 29(2):78, f. 23 33. 1975. C. flavida auct. non Lindl.:Seidenfaden, Dansk Bot.Ark. 29(2):82, p. p. fig. 37 & 38. 1975. This was described by Jain and Das who sorted out the allied species around C. prolifera Lindl. At CAL there is a specimen collected by Meebold (4766, CAL!) from Laimatak (5000’) in February 1906 and determined by S. J. Das as belonging to this species. Ormerod clarified further that several authors have wrongly called C. schultesii as C. prolifera following an early misidentification. The flowerless type specimen of C. prolifera even has a sketch of a labellum representing C. schultesii glued on to it by Lindley. 17. Coelogyne stricta (D. Don) Schltr., Fed. Repert. Beih. IV. 184.1919; Das & Jain, Fasc. Fl. India 5: 28.1980; Chauhan in Pathak et al. (Ed.), Orch. Sci. & Com. 87. 2001; Clayton, The Genus Coelogyne 204. 2002. Cymbidium strictum D. Don, Prodr. Fl. Nepal. 35. 1825. Coelogyne elata Lindl., Gen. Sp. Orch. 40.1830; Hook. f., Fl. Brit. India 6: 838. 1890; King & Pantling, Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Calcutta 8: 136. Pl. 188. 1898. 18. Coelogyne suaveolens (Lindl.) Hook. f., Fl. Brit. India 5: 832.1890; Seidenfaden, Dansk Bot. Ark. 29(2): 52.1975; Das & Jain, Fasc. Fl. India 5: 29. 1980; Clayton, The genus Coelogyne 204. 2002. Pholidota suaveolens Lindl., Gard. Chron. 372. 1856. Seidenfaden cited Clarke’s collection from Manipur. 19. Coelogyne trinervis Lindl., Gen. Sp. Orch. 41.1830; Hook. f., Fl. Brit. India 5: 832.1890; Seidenfaden, Dansk Bot. Ark. 29(2): 44.1975; Chauhan in Pathak et al. (Ed.), Orch. Sci. & Com. 87. 2001; Clayton, The Genus Coelogyne 214. 2002. This is a Burmese species. 20. Coelogyne viscosa Rchb. f., Berl. Allg. Gartenz. 24: 218. 1856; Hook. f., Fl. Brit. India 5: 832.1890; Seidenfaden, Dansk Bot. Ark. 29(2):37.1975; Das & Jain, Fasc. Fl. India 5: 30.1980; Chauhan in Pathak et al. (Ed.), Orch. Sci. & Com. 87. 2001; Clayton, The Genus Coelogyne 215. 2002. Coelogyne graminifolia Parish & Rchb. f., Trans. Linn. Soc. 30: 146.1874; Hook. f., Fl. Brit. India 5: 831.1890. Flowers white with brown streaks on sidelobes and a yellow patch on the midlobe. Corymborkis Thouars A pantropical genus of about 5 species (Rasmussen, 1977) of tall, woody ground orchids with a tuft of vermiform roots, a long reed like unbranched stem bearing narrow elliptic to ovate, leathery leaves and an axillary panicle of white, fragrant flowers. Only one species occurs in India including Manipur. 24 An Orchid Digest of Manipur Corymborkis veratrifolia (Reinw.) Blume, Col. Orch. Arch. Ind. 125, pl. 42-43.1859; Rasmussen, Bot. Tidsskr. 71:170. 1977; Seidenfaden, Dansk Bot. Ark. 32(2):114.1978; Chauhan in Pathak et al. (Ed.), Orch. Sci. & Com. 87. 2001. Hysteria veratrifolia Reinw., Nov. Pl. Ind. Gen. Syll. Pl. Nov. 2:15. 1825-26. Corymbis veratrifolia (Reinw.) Rchb. f. in Flora 48:184.1885; Hook. f., Fl. Brit. India 6: 91. 1890. Crepidium Blume An Indo-Malesian genus of over 200 species of ground orchids formerly included under Malaxis (Microstylis) and characterized by lip auricles stretching backwards on both sides of the gynostemium. Fourteen species are known to occur in India. Two species have been recorded from Manipur. 1a. Lip divided into sidelobes and midlobe by an indentation …………............…….. M. purpurea 1b. Lip not divisible by indentation.....M. acuminata 1. Crepidium acuminatum (D. Don) Szlach., Syst. Orch. 123.1995. Malaxis acuminata D. Don, Prodr. Fl. Nepal. 29. 1825; Mukerjee, Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 21(3):153. 1953; Seidenfaden, Dansk Bot. Ark. 33(1):55.1978; Chauhan in Pathak et al. (Ed.), Orch. Sci. & Com. 92. 2001. Microstylis wallichii Lindl., Gen. Sp. Orch. 20.1830; Hook. f., Fl. Brit. India 5:686. 1890. Malaxis wallichii (Lindl.)Deb, Bull. Bot. Surv. India 3: 128. 1962. 1. Cryptochilus lutea Lindl., J. Linn. Soc. 3: 20.1838; Clarke, J. Linn. Soc. 25: 72. 1889; Hook. f., Fl. Brit. India 5: 827.1890; Chauhan in Pathak et al. (Ed.), Orch. Sci. & Com. 87. 2001. Clarke collected this species from Kohima, Nagaland. 2. Cryptochilus sanguinea Wallich, Tent. Fl.Nepal.36. t. 26.1822; Hook. f., Fl. Brit. India 5: 827.1890; King & Pantling, Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Calcutta 8: 163. Pl. 220.1898; Mukerjee, Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 21(3): 151.1953; Deb, Bull. Bot. Surv. India 3(2): 126.1961; Chauhan in Pathak et al. (Ed.), Orch. Sci. & Com. 87. 2001. Mukerjee recorded this species from Khayang at 2,300m. Cymbidium Sw. An Indo-Malesio-Australian genus of 44 species (Du Puy & Cribb, 1988) of both terrestrial and epiphytic orchids characterized by clustering pseudobulbs bearing thick and fleshy, loriform leaves and drooping or erect racemes of strikingly colourful and showy flowers. Twenty four species and three subspecies are known from India. Manipur is known to have 15 species. 1a. Pollinia 2………………………..……………….2 1b. Pollinia 4…………………………………………9 2a. Lip attached to base of column only or to a short column foot, hinged, moveable…..................…3 2a. Lip attached to base and sidelobes, not moveable …………………......………………….5 3a. Leaves linear or ligulate; column without foot………………………............……………….4 3b. Leaves broad lanceolate stoutly petiolate; column with a small foot …...... C. devonianum 4a. Midlobe of lip with pink to purple longitudinal stripes ………………...............……… C. bicolor 4b. Midlobe of lip with purple spots....C. aloifolium 5a. Pseudobulbs fusiform or subcylindric; flowers white or light greenish yellow with a median yellow line on disc…………………. C. mastersii A Himalayan genus of two epiphytic species characterized by pseudobulbous stems and erect scape bearing brightly coloured tubular flowers. Both the species are found in India extending from North West Himalaya to Manipur through Nepal. 5b. Pseudobulbs ovoid; flowers of different colour with two prominent keels on lip……............…6 6a. Leaves less than 20 cm long; petals porrect forming a hood over column …....... C. tigrinum 1a. Flowers red ……………………….C. sanguinea 6b. 1b. Flowers yellow ………………………....C. lutea Leaves more than 25 cm long; petals spreading not forming a hood………..............……………7 Mukerjee recorded this species from Chammu at 1000 m. growing near bamboo groves. 2. Crepidium josephianum (Rchb. f.)Marg., Ann. Bot. Fenn. 39(1): 65.2002. Microstylis josephiana Rchb.f., Bot. Mag. 103: T. 6325.1877; Ridley, J. Linn. Soc. 24: 336.1887; Hook. f., Fl. Brit. India 5: 687. 1890. Malaxis josephiana (Rchb. f.) Kuntze, Rev. Gen. Pl. 2:673. 1891; Matthew, Kew Bull. 34(21): 76. 1979, nom. superfl. Chauhan in Pathak et al. (Ed.), Orch. Sci. & Com. 92. 2001. This species with its short, broad and rounded basal auricles, as per Szlachetko’s characterization, comes within the genus Crepidium. Cryptochilus Wallich C. Sathish Kumar & P. C. Suresh Kumar 7a. Inflorescence erect; sepals and petals white or rose, dotted or lined with purple near base ..........................................……………. C. insigne 7b. Inflorescence arcuate; sepals and petals yellow to green …………….................…………………8 8a. Sepals and petals apple green; lip with red dots on sidelobes…….................……C. hookerianum 8b. Sepals and petals yellow to greenish yellow; lip unspotted on sidelobe ................... C. lowianum 9a. Leaves elliptic-lanceolate..……..C. lancifolium 9b. Leaves linear or narrowly oblong…………….10 10a. Inflorescence usually 1 flowered....C. eburneum 10b. Inflorescence more than 1 flowered …………..11 11a. Lip saccate at base ……………………………. 12 11b. Lip not saccate at base………………………….13 12a. Flowers pendent, companulate....................... ........................................................C. longifolium 12b. Flowers erect, not campanulate.........C. iridoides 13a. Leaves 2-4 from each psuedobulb..................... .....................................................C. munronianum 13b. Leaves 5-10 from each pseudobulb ...……….14 14a. Floral bracts equalling or exceeding the ovary ……………...............……………C. cyperifolium 14b. Floral bracts shorter than the ovary........... ……………………………………. C. ensifolium 1. Cymbidium aloifolium (L.) Sw., Nov. Act. Soc. Sci. Upsal. 6: 73. 1799; Hook. f., Fl. Brit. India 6:10. 1890 p. p.; King & Pantling, Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Calcutta 8: 189. t. 252. 1898; Seidenfaden, Opera Bot.72: 77. 1983; Du Puy & Cribb, The Genus Cymbidium 62. 1988; Chauhan in Pathak et al. (Ed.), Orch. Sci. & Com. 87. 2001. Epidendrum aloifolium L., Sp. Pl. 2:953. 1753. A widespread species of Indo-Malesia, this occurs commonly in Imphal Valley forming large clumps. Devi and Ghatak recorded it from Moreh. 2. Cymbidium bicolor Lindl., Gen. Sp. Orch. 164.1833; Hook. f., Fl. Brit. India 6: 11. 1890. p. p. excl. syn.; Du Puy & Cribb, The Genus Cymbidium 67. 1988. 25 Cymbidium 173.1988; Chauhan in Pathak et al. (Ed.), Orch. Sci. & Com. 88. 2001. Devi and Ghatak reported this species from Tamenglong. 4. Cymbidium devonianum Paxt., Bot. Mag. 10: 97.1843; Hook. f., Fl. Brit. India 6: 10. 1890; King & Pantling, Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Calcutta 8: 190. Pl. 253.1898; Chauhan in Pathak et al. (Ed.), Orch. Sci. & Com. 88. 2001. C. sikkimense Hook. f., Fl. Brit. India 6: 9. 1890 & Ic. Pl. T. 2117. 1892. Lip is obscurely 3 lobed ; disc with 2 ridges ending in 2 calli. 5. Cymbidium eburneum Lindl., Bot. Reg. 33:t. 67.1847; Hook. f., Fl. Brit. India 6: 11. 1890; King & Pantling, Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Calcutta 8: 133. 1898; Devi & Ghatak, Proc. 5th ASEAN Orch. Cong. Sing. 74. 1984; Du Puy & Cribb, The Genus Cymbidium 133. 1988; Chauhan in Pathak et al. (Ed.), Orch. Sci. & Com. 88. 2001. Devi and Ghatak recorded this species from Tamenglong at 1278 m. 6. Cymbidium ensifolium (L.) Sw., Nov. Act. Soc. Sci. Upsal. 6:77. 1799; Du Puy & Cribb, The Genus Cymbidium 156.1988; Chauhan in Pathak et al. (Ed.), Orch. Sci. & Com. 88. 2001. Epidendrum ensifolium L., Sp. Pl. 2: 954. 1753. Ghatak and Devi reported this from Tamenglong at 1274 m. 7. Cymbidium hookerianum Rchb. f., Gard. Chron.7. 1866; Seidenfaden, Opera Bot. 72: 89. 1984; Du Puy & Cribb, The Genus Cymbidium 119. 1988; Chauhan in Pathak et al. (Ed.), Orch. Sci. & Com. 88. 2001. C. grandiflorum auct. non Sw.: Griffith, Notulae 3:342.1851; Hook. f., Fl. Brit. India 6: 12. 1890; King & Pantling, Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Calcutta 8: 192. Pl. 256.1898; Mukerjee, Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 21(3): 151. 1953; Deb, Bull. Bot. Surv. India 3(2):126. 1961. Mukerjee recorded it from Chammu at 1300 m. Deb collected it from Lamdam. This species has purple spotted flowers and is often mixed with C. aloifolium in herbaria. 8. Cymbidium insigne Rolfe, Gard. Chron. 2: 387.1904; Kingdon-Ward, J. Roy. Hort. Soc. 73: 43. 1948; Seidenfaden, Opera Bot. 72: 90. 1984; Du Puy & Cribb, The Genus Cymbidium 128. 1988. 3. Cymbidium cyperifolium Wallich ex Lindl., Gen. Sp. Orch. 163.1833; Hook. f., Fl. Brit. India 6:13. 1890; King & Pantling, Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Calcutta 8: 186. t. 248.1898; Devi & Ghatak, Proc. 5th ASEAN Orch. Cong. Sing.74. 1984; Du Puy & Cribb, The Genus 9. Cymbidium iridoides D. Don, Prodr. Fl. Nepal. 36. 1825; Hook. f. Fl. Brit. India 6: 14. 1890; Du Puy & Cribb, The Genus Cymbidium 115.1988; Chauhan in Pathak et al. (Ed.), Orch. Sci. & Com. 88. 2001. C. giganteum Wallich ex Lindl., Gen. Sp. Orch. 163.1833; 26 An Orchid Digest of Manipur Hook. f., Fl. Brit. India 6:12. 1890; King & Pantling, Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Calcutta 8:191.1898; Devi & Ghatak, Proc. 5th ASEAN Orch. Cong. Sing. 74. 1984. Devi and Ghatak reported this species from Ukhrul. 10. Cymbidium lancifolium Hook., Exot. Fl. 1: T. 51.1823; Hook. f., Fl. Brit. India 6: 9. 1890; King & Pantling, Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Calcutta 8: 185. Pl. 247. 1898; Seidenfaden, Opera Bot. 72: 68.1984; Chauhan in Pathak et al. (Ed.), Orch. Sci. & Com. 88. 2001. 11. Cymbidium. longifolium D. Don, Prodr. Fl. Nepal. 36. 1825. C. elegans Lindl., Gen. Sp. Orch. 163. 1833; King & Pantling, Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Calcutta 8: 1898:194. t. 259; Mukerjee, Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 21(3): 151. 1953; Deb, Bull. Bot. Surv. India 3(2):126.1961; Ghatak & Devi in Vij (Ed.) Biol. Cons. Cult. Orch. 35. 1986; Du Puy & Cribb, The Genus Cymbidium 145.1988; Chauhan in Pathak et al. (Ed.), Orch. Sci. & Com. 88. 2001. Cyperorchis elegans (Lindl.)Blume, Rumphia 4:47.1848; Hook. f., Fl. Brit. India 6: 14. 1890. Mukerjee collected this species from Ukhrul at 1600 m. Ghatak and Devi reported it from Jiribam at 50 m. 12. Cymbidium lowianum Rchb. f., Gard. Chron. n.s.11:332, 404. t. 56.1879; Seidenfaden. Opera Bot. 72: 86. 1984; Du Puy & Cribb, The Genus Cymbidium 123. 1988. C. giganteum var. lowianum (Rchb. f.) Rchb. f., Gard. Chron. n. s. 7: 684. 1887. We saw a specimen under cultivation at Thoubal. This species is quite likely to be found in Manipur. 13. Cymbidium mastersii Griffith ex Lindl., Bot. Mag. 31:t. 50. 1845; King & Pantling, Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Calcutta 8: 195. t. 261.1898; Pradhan, Ind. Orch. Guide to Iden. Cult. 478. 1979; Seidenfaden, Opera Bot. 72: 91. 1984; Du Puy & Cribb, The Genus Cymbidium 140.1988; Chauhan in Pathak et al. (Ed.), Orch. Sci. & Com. 88. 2001. Cyperorchis mastersii Benth., J. Linn. Soc.18:318.1881; Hook. f., Fl. Brit. India 6:15. 1890. Seidenfaden, Opera Bot. 72: 90. 1984; Du Puy & Cribb, The Genus Cymbidium 154. 1988. Fig. 3e We got our specimens from Khongampatt. Specimens Examined : INDIA: Manipur: Khongapatt C. Sathish Kumar 28733 (TBGT!) Cyrtosia Blume An Asian saprophytic genus of about 7 species characterized by delicate habit and terminal inflorescence of gamotepalous flowers, succulent indehiscent fruits and wingless seeds. It was reinstated by Garay (1986). Three species are known from India. One is recorded from Manipur. Cyrtosia lindleyana Hook. f. & Thoms., Illustr. Himalayan Plants t. 22. 1855. Galeola lindleyana (Hook. f. & Thoms.)Rchb. f., Xen. Orch.2:78. 1862; Hook. f., Fl. Brit. India 6: 88. 1890; Chauhan in Pathak et al. (Ed.), Orch. Sci. & Com. 91. 2001.Erythrochis lindleyana (Hook. f. & Thoms.) Rchb. f. in Bonplandia 5:37.1857. This is a large saprophyte growing over trees and shrubs. Dendrobium Sw. An Indo-Malesio-Australian genus of about 900 species of mostly epiphytic, but occasionally lithophytic orchids with plurinodal pseudobulbous stems and bifarious, variously shaped leaves and variously coloured flowers. India is known to have 102 species and two subspecies. Forty nine species have been reported from Manipur. 1a. Leaves with distinct sheaths, often covering most of the internodes…………..........………..2 1b. Leaf sheaths insignificant ....…………………39 2a. Stems wiry, leaves laterally compressed ……3 2b. Stems with atleast some of the internodes fleshy and swollen; leaves not laterally compressed....4 3a. Stems with an upper floriferous part; flowers white ………..............………….D. acinaciforme 3b. Stems not as above, inflorescence lateral; flowers yellow to greenish yellow................. D. anceps 4a. Leaf sheaths and flowering region with black hairs ……………...............…………….………..5 4a. Leaf sheaths and flowering region without black hairs …………….........................……………… 12 5a. Mentum saccate …………………D. bellatulum 5b. Mentum extinctoriform……......….……………6 Pradhan recorded this species from Manipur. 14. Cymbidium munronianum King & Pantling, J. As. Soc. Bengal 64:338.1895; Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Calcutta 8:187. t. 249.1898; Du Puy & Cribb, The genus Cymbidium 166. 1988: Chauhan in Pathak et al. (Ed.), Orch. Sci. & Com. 88. 2001. Ghatak and Devi recorded this species from Tamenglong at 1274 m. as a new record for Manipur. 15. Cymbidium tigrinum Parish ex Hook., Bot. Mag. 90: T. 5457.1864; Hook. f., Fl. Brit. India 6: 9. 1890; Krishna & Sastry, Bull. Bot. Surv. India 14(14):179.1975; Hynniewta, Orch. Rev. 87:219. 1979; C. Sathish Kumar & P. C. Suresh Kumar 27 6a. Width of epichile about equal to the width of sidelobes when flattened ………...............……..7 17b. Fimbriae on edges of lip long, distant ……………………....………….D. brymerianum 6a. Width of epichile less than width of sidelobes when flattened ………............…………………9 18a. Sepals and petals deep orange to coral red…………………......………..…D. dickasonii 7a. Apical lobe of lip fimbriate………D. longicornu 18b. Sepals and petals bright yellow …………….19 7b. Apical lobe of lip not fimbriate ……….....…….8 8a. Epichile of lip triangular, acute at apex .............................................................D. draconis 19a. Edges of lip incurved so as to form a............ pouch…………......………………D. moschatum 8b. Epichile of lip orbicular, retuse at apex ……………………….....………… D. formosum 9a. Petals ovate, much broader than the dorsal sepal …………………….......................………………10 9b. Petals ovate-lanceolate, not much broader than the dorsal sepal ……......................…………… 11 10a. Epichile truncate with only an indistinct sinus, usually minutely mucronulate ........... D. wattii 10b. Epichile with a deep V-shaped sinus …..............................………….. D. infundibulum 11a. Midlobe obovate or rounded, crisped papillose, disk fimbriate............................... D. cariniferum 11b. Midlobe orbicular ciliate, disk obscurely 3 ridged …………..........………… D. williamsonii 12a. Large plants; sepals and petals greenish yellow; hypochile with some purple spots......D. parcum 12b. Small plants; sepals and petals deep orange to bright yellow; hypochile without purple spots……………………………………………13 19b. Edges of lip not incurved……....……………..20 20a. Flowers many (4-15) in lax raceme …………...21 20b. Flowers a few (1-5) subfascicled on a short raceme………………..............…………………22 21a. Leaves obtuse to emarginate; lip lacking distinct blotches ……….......................…….. D. chryseum 21b. Leaves acuminate; lip with 2 purple blotches ………………....................………….. D. gibsonii 22a. Flowers after shedding the leaves; lip pubescent on veins and centre above, no dark blotch………….………………D. heterocarpum 22b. Flowers and leaves together; lip with very short and fat papillae and with a central dark blotch above ……….………………………………… 23 23a. Lip with a central dark blotch; operculum warty ………………............................. D. chrysanthum 23b. Lip with two dark blotches; operculum glabrous ……….................................……….D. ochreatum 24a. Stems with swollen nodes or internodes alternating with constrictions …..........……….24 13a. Lip with or without sidelobes, usually with varying ornaments …..........………………….43 24b. Stems without swollen nodes or internodes and alternating constrictions…...................……….25 13b. Lip without sidelobes, upper surface papillous to pubescent, without ornaments except for callus at base…………………………………..14 25a. Stems branching, thin wiry, swollen at nodes, atleast on branches…....................... D. falconeri 14a. Sepals and petals strong yellow to copper or coral red……………................………………..15 14b. Sepals and petals purple or white with purple tips, rarely pure white or cream….............…..28 15a. Lip strongly plumose (branched)-fimbriate at edges………………...................……………….16 15b. Lip erose to finely dentate on margin .............17 16a. Lip with a single purple blotch…......………..18 16b. Lip with two purple blotches....D. hookerianum 17a. Fimbriae on edges of lip short, dense .........................................................D. fimbriatum 25b. Stems not branching, fleshy….....……………26 26a. Column foot with a distinct nectar cavity at distal end……………....................…………….27 26b. Column foot without any distinct nectar cavity……………….................……D. pendulum 27a. Lip longer than dorsal sepal, upper surface finely papillose, lower surface only papillous at edges ……………..……….. D. gratioitissimum 27b. Lip shorter than dorsal sepal, both surfaces papillose except at base............... D. wardianum 28a. Petals finely ciliate or serrulate on margins.....29 28b. Petals entire on margins ……………..………30 28 An Orchid Digest of Manipur 29a. Lip longer than dorsal sepal, edges longciliate………………..........……D. devonianum 41b. Stems fusiform tapering towards apex or nearly cylindrical…………......................…………..….42 29b. Lip shorter than dorsal sepal, edges short-ciliate ………………..........................……….. D. parishii 42a. Inflorescence leaf opposed, axillary, 10- to many flowered with long narrow sepals and petals; dorsal sepal more than 1.5 cm..........D. denudans 30a. Scape long (2-10 cm); lip with two dark blotches ……….…….......................…….….D. pulchellum 30b. Scape short (1-1.5 cm); with no or a single dark blotch ………….......................………..……….. 31 42b. Inflorescence lateral and terminal, 7-10 flowered with sepals and petals not as above ; dorsal sepal less than 1 cm ……………… D. eriiflorum 31a. Basal callus of lip divided into three keels........32 43a. Pseudobulbs 1-leaved ……………...…………44 31b. Basal callus of lip, if any, fading into lip…….33 43b. Pseudobulbs 2-5 leaved …………..………….45 32a. Petals broader than the dorsal sepal................ .............................................................D. aphyllum 44a. Inflorescence many flowered; lip pubescent only at base and centre, margins glabrous ................................................................. D. lindleyi 32b. Petals and sepals similar ……… D. primulinum 33a. Inflorescence one flowered; lip longer than dorsal sepal…….............…………. D. cretaceum 33b. Inflorescence more than one-flowered; lip shorter than dorsal sepal ……….......………. 34 34a. Petals twice as broad as the dorsal sepal or more …………………………......................………… 35 34b. Petals not twice as broad as the dorsal sepal.....36 35a. Lip 3-lobed or obscurely so………….....…….37 35b. Lip simple………………….........……………..38 44b. Inflorescence 1-2-flowered; lip pubescent throughout ………….........……….. D. jenkinsii 45a. Sepals and petals white with a flash of yellow, violet or rose…………..................……………. 46 45b. Sepals and petals yellow ……....……………..47 46a. Stems with many ridges; flowers in dense inflorescence……….........…….. D. thyrsiflorum 46b. Stems 4 angled; flowers in lax raceme...... ……………………......……………… D. farmeri 36a. Lip with a purple patch at base....D. transparens 47a. Flowers on a dense inflorescence; dorsal sepal about 15 mm long …...............… D. densiflorum 36b. Lip without any purple patch at base......... ..............................................................D. candidum 47b. Flowers on a lax inflorescence: dorsal sepal about 18-20 mm long …………..........………. 48 37a. Sepals and petals usually purple or purple tinted; lip with a papillous callus on claw ..................................................................D. nobile 48a. Stems much laterally compressed; petals with entire edges…….........................….. D. sulcatum 37b. Sepals and petals pure white; without any papillous callus on claw….........….. D. bensonae 38a. Lip with a basal papillous callus; dorsal sepal 3 cm or more long …..............……. D. lituiflorum 38b. Lip without basal callus; dorsal sepal less than 2 cm long ………...............……… D. crepidatum 39a. Inflorescence 2-6 flowered………………….....40 39b. Inflorescence of many small flowers……....…41 40a. Lip with a fat pubescent transverse wall separating hypochile from epichile; flowers 4 per scape …………………….......… D. linguella 40b. Lip not as above; flowers two per scape ………………….........…………… D. stuposum 41a. Stems pseudobulbous, ovoid to conical ...………….........……………D. porphyrochilum 48b. Stems not laterally compressed; petals minutely dentate along edges .................. D. chrysotoxum 1. Dendrobium acinaciforme Roxb., Hort. Beng. 63. 1814, nom. nud.; Fl. Ind. 3:487.1832; Hook. f., Fl. Brit. India 5: 723. 1890; Seidenfaden, Opera Bot. 83:209. 1985; Chauhan in Pathak et al. (Ed.), Orch. Sci. & Com. 88. 2001. D. spatella Rchb. f., Hamb. Gartenz. 21:298. 1865; Hook. f., Fl. Brit. India 5:725. 1890. 2. Dendrobium anceps Sw., Kgl. Sv. Vet. Nya Handl. 21:246. 1800; Hook. f., Fl. Brit. India5:724. 1890; King & Pantling, Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Calcutta 8: 41. Pl. 54. 1898; Seidenfaden, Opera Bot. 83:222. 1985. We have seen a specimen under cultivation at Thoubal. Characteristic of the section Aporum to which the above two species belong, they have leaves laterally flattened and arranged bifariously on the stem. C. Sathish Kumar & P. C. Suresh Kumar 3. Dendrobium aphyllum (Roxb.)Fischer in Gamble, Fl. Madras 8:1416. 1928; Seidenfaden 1985:70. Limodorum aphyllum Roxb., Corom. Pl. 1, 2: 34. T. 41. 1795. Dendrobium pierardii Roxb. ex Hook., Ex. Fl. 1:T. 9.1822; Hook. f., Fl. Brit. India 5:738. 1890; King & Pantling, Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Calcutta 8: 51. Pl. 72.1898; Devi & Ghatak, Proc. 5th ASEAN Orch. Cong. Sing.75.1984; Chauhan in Pathak et al. (Ed.), Orch. Sci. & Com. 88. 2001. This is a very common species. We found it at Thoubal, Saram, Tupul and Moreh. Roxburgh published two binomials – Limodorum aphyllum and Dendrobium pierardii – for the same species originating from two different localities at different times and hence, there is a lot of confusion around this species. We do not agree with Christenson in merging it under D. macrostachyum Lindl., an entirely different species. Specimens Examined: INDIA, Manipur: Tupul 18.03.1996 C. Sathish Kumar (TBGT!). 4.Dendrobium bellatulum Rolfe in Forbes & Hemsley, J. Linn. Soc. Bot. 36:10.1903; Pradhan, Ind. Orch. Guide to Iden. Cult.330. 1979; Seidenfaden, Opera Bot. 83: 103. 1985; Chauhan in Pathak et al. (Ed.), Orch. Sci. & Com. 88. 2001. Pradhan recorded this species from Manipur. 5. Dendrobium bensonae Rchb. f., Bot. Zeit. 25:230. 1867; Hook. f., Fl. Brit. India 5:739.1890; Kataki & Krishna, Bull. Bot. Surv. India 12: 260. 1970:; Pradhan, Ind. Orch. Guide to Iden. Cult. 314. 1979; Devi & Ghatak Proc. 5th ASEAN Orch. Cong. Sing.74. 1984; Seidenfaden, Opera Bot. 83: 86.1985; Chauhan in Pathak et al. (Ed.), Orch. Sci. & Com. 88. 2001. Pradhan and later Devi and Ghatak recorded this species from Manipur; the latter reported the variety xanthinum Rchb. f. from Tengnoupal. 6. Dendrobium brymerianum Rchb. f., Gard. Chron. 2: 323.1875; Hook. f. in Bot. Mag. T. 638. 1878 & Fl. Brit. India 5: 745. 1890; Seidenfaden, Opera Bot. 83: 36. 1985: 7. Dendrobium candidum Wallich ex Lindl., Bot. Reg. Misc. 36.1838; Hook. f., Fl. Brit. India 5:735.890; Mukerjee, Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 21(3): 151. 1953; Deb, Bull. Bot. Surv. India 3(2):126.1961; Chauhan in Pathak et al. (Ed.), Orch. Sci. & Com. 88. 2001. There is a specimen at CAL collected by Dr S K Mukerjee (2855, CAL!) on 10 May 1948 from Phungum at 2000 m. 8. Dendrobium cariniferum Rchb. f., Gard. Chron. 611.1869; Hook. f., Fl. Brit. India 5: 720.1890; Mukerjee, 29 Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 21(3):151.1953; Deb, Bull. Bot. Surv. India 3 (2):126. 1961; Seidenfaden, Opera Bot. 83: 120.1985. Chauhan in Pathak et al. (Ed.), Orch. Sci. & Com. 88. 2001. Watt collected this species on 13 April 1882 from Sirohi forests where it was growing on rocks in open places (G. Watt 6500, CAL!). A duplicate of this collection is available at Kew. 9. Dendrobium chrysanthum Lindl., Bot. Reg. 15:T. 1299.1830; Hook. f., Fl. Brit. India 5:747. 1890; King & Pantling, Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Calcutta 8: 55. T. 77.1898; Pradhan, Ind. Orch. Guide to Iden. Cult. 322. 1979; Seidenfaden, Opera Bot. 83: 53.1985; Chauhan in Pathak et al. (Ed.), Orch. Sci. & Com. 88. 2001. This species is common in Manipur. 10. Dendrobium chryseum Rolfe, Gard. Chron. 1:233.1888; Hook. f., Fl. Brit. India 5:748. 1890. Dendrobium clavatum Lindl., Wall. Cat. No.2004. 1829 nom. nud.; Paxt. Fl. Gard. 2:104. T. 189, non Roxb; Hook. f., Fl. Brit. India 5:746. 1890; King & Pantling, Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Calcutta 8: 53.Pl. 60.1898; Seidenfaden, Opera Bot. 83:43.1985; Chauhan in Pathak et al. (Ed.), Orch. Sci. & Com. 88. 2001. This species has a simple lip narrowed and clawed at base, orbicular–reniform, concave, minutely pubescent to tomentose with shortly fimbriate margin. 11. Dendrobium chrysotoxum Lindl., Bot. Reg. 33, sub T. 19 and T. 36.1847; Hook. f., Fl. Brit. India 5:750.1890; Mukerjee, Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 21(3):151. 1953; Deb, Bull. Bot. Surv. India 3(2):126.1961; Pradhan, Ind. Orch. Guide to Iden. Cult. 305.1979; Seidenfaden, Opera Bot. 83: 19.1985; Devi & Ghatak, Proc. 5th ASEAN Orch. Cong. Sing.74. 1984. This is fairly common in Manipur. Mukerjee collected it from Ukhrul at 1700 m. on 22.5. 1948 (S K Mukerjee 2908, CAL!). Devi and Ghatak recorded it from Sirohi Hill, Chakpikarong and Imphal. We collected it from Tupul, Thoubal and Moreh where it was plenty. Specimens Examined: INDIA: Manipur; Khongtheng beyond Tengnoupal 25.03.1996 C. Sathish Kumar 28727 (TBGT!). 12. Dendrobium crepidatum Lindl. & Paxt., Paxt. Fl. Gard. 1:63. fig. 45.1850; Hook. f., Fl. Brit. India 5:740. 1890; King & Pantling, Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Calcutta 8:48.Pl. 66.1898; Pradhan, Ind. Orch. Guide to Iden. Cult. 319. 1979; Devi & Ghatak, Proc. 5th ASEAN Orch. Cong. Sing.74.1984; Seidenfaden, Opera Bot. 83: 80.1985; Chauhan in Pathak et al. (Ed.), Orch. Sci. & Com. 88. 2001. 30 An Orchid Digest of Manipur Devi and Ghatak record this species from Chakpikarong. 13. Dendrobium cretaceum Lindl., Bot. Reg. 33:T. 62. 1847; Hook. f., Fl. Brit. India5:736.1890; Pradhan, Ind. Orch. Guide to Iden. Cult. 708. 1979; Seidenfaden, Opera Bot. 83: 75.1985; Chauhan in Pathak et al. (Ed.), Orch. Sci. & Com. 88. 2001. Deb collected this species from Mao at 7000’ on 11 February 1954 (D. B. Deb 1891, CAL!). 14. Dendrobium densiflorum Lindl. in Wallich, Pl. As. Rar. 1:34:T. 40. 1830; Hook. f., Fl. Brit. India 1890:748 (excl. syn.); King & Pantling, Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Calcutta 8: 56. T. 79. 1898; Pradhan, Ind. Orch. Guide to Iden. Cult.305. 1979; Seidenfaden, Opera Bot.83: 23. 1985; Chauhan in Pathak et al. (Ed.), Orch. Sci. & Com. 89. 2001. This is a species fairly common in Manipur. 15. Dendrobium denudans D. Don, Prodr. Fl. Nepal. 34. 1825; Hook. f., Fl. Brit. India 5: 715. 1890; King & Pantling, Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Calcutta 8: 1898:45. Pl. 62; Mukerjee, Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 21(3):151. 1953; Deb, Bull. Bot. Surv. India 3(2):127.1961; Pradhan, Ind. Orch. Guide to Iden. Cult. 338. 1979; Seidenfaden, Opera Bot. 83:148.1985; Chauhan in Pathak et al. (Ed.), Orch. Sci. & Com. 89. 2001. Mukerjee recorded this species from Ukhrul. 16. Dendrobium devonianum Paxt., Bot. Mag. 7:169.1840; Hook. f., Fl. Brit. India 5:743.1890; Pradhan, Ind. Orch. Guide Iden. Cult.1: 318.1976; Devi & Ghatak, Proc. 5th ASEAN Orch. Cong. Sing. 74. 1984; Seidenfaden, Opera Bot. 83:64.1985; Chauhan in Pathak et al. (Ed.), Orch. Sci. & Com. 89.2001. Devi and Ghatak reported this species from Khudenthabi at 1342 m. 17. Dendrobium dickasonii L. O. Williams, Bot. Mus. Leafl. Harv. Univ. 8:107.1940; Seidenfaden, Opera Bot.124:24. 1995. D. arachnites Rchb. f., Gard. Chron. 2:354.1874, non Thouars; Hook. f., Fl. Brit. India 5:734.1890; Pradhan, Ind. Orch. Guide to Iden. Cult.1:313. 1976. D. seidenfadenii Senghas & Bockemuhl, Die Orchidee 29(5): C.II.1978; Seidenfaden, Opera Bot. 83: 41.1985; Chauhan in Pathak et al. (Ed.), Orch. Sci. & Com. 90. 2001. Pradhan recorded this species from Manipur. 18. Dendrobium draconis Rchb. f., Bot. Zeit. 214. 1862; Hook. 1890:722; Pradhan, Ind. Orch. Guide to Iden. Cult.1:330.1976; Devi & Ghatak, Proc. 5th ASEAN Orch. Cong. Sing. 75. 1984; Seidenfaden, Opera Bot. 83:110.1985; Chauhan in Pathak et al. (Ed.), Orch. Sci. & Com. 89. 2001 Devi and Ghatak found it at Tengnoupal. Pradhan recorded it from Manipur. 19. Dendrobium eriiflorum Griffith, Not. 3:316. & Ic. T. 307.1851; Hook. f., Fl. Brit. India 5:715.1890 & Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Calcutta 5:5. T.7.1895; King & Pantling, Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Calcutta 8: 1898:44. T. 61; Mukerjee, Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 21(3):151. 1953; Deb, Bull. Bot. Surv. India 3(2):127.1961; Pradhan, Ind. Orch. Guide to Iden. Cult. 1:338. 1976; Seidenfaden, Opera Bot. 83: 149.1985; Chauhan in Pathak et al. (Ed.), Orch. Sci. & Com. 89. 2001. Mukerjee found this species in Ukhrul at 1800 m. 20. Dendrobium falconeri Hook., Bot. Mag. T. 4944.1856; Hook. f., Fl. Brit. India 5: 742. 1890; Pradhan, Ind. Orch. Guide to Iden. Cult.1:318.1976; Seidenfaden, Opera Bot.83:55.1985; Chauhan in Pathak et al. (Ed.), Orch. Sci. & Com. 89. 2001. It was J.D. Hooker who first cited its occurrence in Manipur. 21. Dendrobium farmeri Paxt., Paxton’s Bot. Mag. 15:241.1849; Hook. f., Fl. Brit. India 5:750. 1890; King & Pantling, Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Calcutta 8: 57. Pl. 80. 1898; Pradhan, Ind. Orch. Guide to Iden. Cult.2:306.1979; Devi & Ghatak, Proc. 5th ASEAN Orch. Cong. Sing.75.1984; Seidenfaden, Opera Bot. 83: 24.1985; Chauhan in Pathak et al. (Ed.), Orch. Sci. & Com. 89. 2001. Devi and Ghatak reported this species from Jiribam. 22. Dendrobium fimbriatum Hook., Exot. Fl. 1:T.71.1823; Hook. f., Fl. Brit. India 5:745. 1890; King & Pantling, Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Calcutta 8:58. 1898; Seidenfaden, Opera Bot. 83: 36. 1985. D. fimbriatum var. oculatum Hook., Bot. Mag. T. 4160.1845; Hook. f., Fl. Brit. India 5: 745. 1890; King & Pantling, Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Calcutta 8: 59. T. 82.1898; Pradhan, Ind. Orch. Guide to Iden. Cult. 309. 1979; Devi & Ghatak Proc. 5th ASEAN Orch. Cong. Sing. 75. 1984; Chauhan in Pathak et al. (Ed.), Orch. Sci. & Com. 89. 2001. Fig. 9a This is fairly common in Manipur. Specimens Examined: INDIA: Manipur: Thoubal 25.03.1996 C. Sathish Kumar 28735 (TBGT!). 23. Dendrobium formosum Roxb. ex Lindl. in Wallich, Pl. As. Rar. 1:24. T. 29.1830; Hook. f., Fl. Brit. India 5:721. 1890; King & Pantling, Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Calcutta 8: 47. Pl. 65.1898; Pradhan, Ind. Orch. C. Sathish Kumar & P. C. Suresh Kumar Guide to Iden. Cult. 328. 1979; Devi & Ghatak, Proc. 5th ASEAN Orch. Cong. Sing.75.1984; Seidenfaden, Opera Bot.83:111.1985; Chauhan in Pathak et al. (Ed.), Orch. Sci. & Com. 89. 2001. Devi and Ghatak reported this species from Churachandpur. 31 Pathak et al. (Ed.), Orch. Sci. & Com. 89. 2001. D. jamesianum Rchb. f., Gard. Chron. 554. 1869. D. infundibulum Lindl. var. jamesianum (Rchb. f.)Veitch, Orch. Man. 50.1837; Hook. f., Fl. Brit. India 5: 721. 1890. Fig. 8 24. Dendrobium gibsonii Lindl., Paxt. Bot. Mag. 5: 169.1838; Hook. f., Fl. Brit. India 5:746. 1890; King & Pantling, Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Calcutta 8: 58. T. 81.1898; Pradhan, Ind. Orch. Guide to Iden. Cult. 47. 1979; Devi & Ghatak, Proc. 5th ASEAN Orch. Cong. Sing. 75. 1984; Seidenfaden, Opera Bot. 83:47.1985; Chauhan in Pathak et al. (Ed.), Orch. Sci. & Com. 89. 2001. Devi and Ghatak reported it from Laimakhong. 25. Dendrobium gratiotissimum Rchb. f., Bot. Zeit. 23:99. 1865; Hook. f., Fl. Brit. India 5:743.1890; Pradhan, Ind. Orch. Guide to Iden. Cult. 314. 1979; Devi & Ghatak, Proc. 5th ASEAN Orch. Cong. Sing. 75. 1984; Seidenfaden, Opera Bot. 83: 58.1985; Chauhan in Pathak et al. (Ed.), Orch. Sci. & Com. 89. 2001. D. boxallii Rchb. f., Gard. Chron. 1:5.1874; Devi & Ghatak, Proc. 5th ASEAN Orch. Cong. Sing. 74. 1984. Devi and Ghatak recorded this species from Laimaton. 26. Dendrobium heterocarpum Lindl., Gen. Sp. Orch. 73.1830; Hook. f., Fl. Brit. India5:737. 1890; King & Pantling, Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Calcutta 8:53. T. 74. 1898; Devi & Ghatak, Proc. 5th ASEAN Orch. Cong. Sing.75.1984; Seidenfaden, Opera Bot. 83: 50.1985; Chauhan in Pathak et al. (Ed.), Orch. Sci. & Com. 89. 2001. Devi and Ghatak reported this species from Imphal. We collected it from between Saram and Kasom Khullen. Specimens Examined: INDIA: Manipur, Ukhrul District:About 20 Kms before Kasom Khullen C. Sathish Kumar 28722 (TBGT!) 24.03.1996. 27. Dendrobium hookerianum Lindl., J. Linn.Soc. 3: 8.1859; Hook. f., Fl. Brit. India 5:745.1890; Chauhan in Pathak et al. (Ed.), Orch. Sci. & Com. 89. 2001. Lip is orbicular with a cuneate base, deeply fringed with two purple blotches. 28. Dendrobium infundibulum Lindl., J. Linn. Soc.3: 16.1859; Hook. f., Fl. Brit. India 5:721.1890; Pradhan, Ind. Orch. Guide to Iden.Cult. 330.1979; Devi & Ghatak, Proc. 5th ASEAN Orch. Cong. Sing.75.1984; Seidenfaden, Opera Bot. 83: 117.1985; Chauhan in Figure 8. Dendrobium infundibulum Lindl. - Flower showing lip details (after CSK 28726). Devi and Ghatak reported this species and its variety from Tengnoupal. We got a plant from near Moreh growing on open rocks. Specimens Examined: INDIA: Manipur: 4 Kms ahead of Tengnoupal 25.03.1996 C. Sathish Kumar 28726 (TBGT!). 29. Dendrobium jenkinsii Wallich ex Lindl., Bot. Reg. 25:T. 37.1839; Pradhan, Ind. Orch. Guide to Iden. Cult. 303.1979; Seidenfaden, Opera Bot. 83:17.1985; Chauhan in Pathak et al. (Ed.), Orch. Sci. & Com. 89. 2001.D. aggregatum Roxb. var. jenkinsii (Wallich ex Lindl.)King & Pantling, Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Calcutta 8: 6. T. 85. 1898. 30. Dendrobium lindleyii Steud., Nomencl. Bot. 2. ed. 2: 490.1840; Pradhan, Ind. Orch. Guide to Iden. Cult. 303.1979; Seidenfaden, Opera Bot. 83:16.1985; Chauhan in Pathak et al. (Ed.), Orch. Sci. & Com. 89. 2001. D. aggregatum Roxb., Fl. Ind. 2 Ed. 3:477.1832, non HBK; Hook. f., Fl. Brit. India 5:749.1890; King & Pantling, Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Calcutta 8: 60. PL. 85. 1898. Devi and Ghatak reported this species from Tengnoupal. Specimen Examined: INDIA: Manipur, Thoubal: C. Sathish Kumar 28735 (TBGT!) 32 An Orchid Digest of Manipur 31. Dendrobium linguella Rchb. f., Gard. Chron. n.s.18:552.1882; Seidenfaden, Opera Bot. 83:90. 1985; Ghatak & Devi in Vij (Ed.), Biol. Cons. Cult. Orch. 360. 1986. Ghatak and Devi reported it from Jiribam at 50 m. 32. Dendrobium lituiflorum Lindl., Gard. Chron. 372.1856; Hook. f., Fl. Brit. India 5: 740.1890; Mukerjee, Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 21(3): 151.1953; Deb, Bull. Bot. Surv. India 3(2): 127.1979; Pradhan, Ind. Orch. Guide to Iden. Cult.316. 1979; Devi & Ghatak Proc. 5th ASEAN Orch. Cong. Sing.:75. 1984. Seidenfaden, Opera Bot. 83: 81.1985; Chauhan in Pathak et al. (Ed.), Orch. Sci. & Com. 89. 2001. Fig. 9b Specimen Examined: INDIA; Manipur, Khongampatt 23.03.1996 C. Sathish Kumar 28736 (TBGT!). 33. Dendrobium longicornu Lindl., Gen. Sp. Orch. 80.1830; Hook. f., Fl. Brit. India 5: 720. 1890; Mukerjee, Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 21(3):151. 1953; Deb, Bull. Bot. Surv. India 3(2):127.1961; Devi & Ghatak, Proc. 5th ASEAN Orch. Cong. Sing.75.1984; Chauhan in Pathak et al. (Ed.), Orch. Sci. & Com. 89. 2001. Watt collected this species from Manipur in 1881 and J.D. Hooker described a variety hirsuta under it. 34. Dendrobium moschatum (Buch.-Ham.)Sw., Schrader Neues Journ. 1:94. 1805; King & Pantling, Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Calcutta 8: 60. T. 84.1898; Mukerjee, Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 21(3): 152. 1953; Deb, Bull. Bot. Surv. India 3(2): 127.1961; Pradhan, Ind. Orch. Guide to Iden. Cult. 308. 1979; Devi & Ghatak, Proc. 5th ASEAN Orch. Cong. Sing.75.1984; Seidenfaden, Opera Bot. 83:43.1985; Chauhan in Pathak et al. (Ed.), Orch. Sci. & Com.89. 2001. Epidendrum moschatum Buch.-Ham. in Symes:Emb. Kingd. Ava 1 Ed. 478. 1800. Dendrobium calceolaria Carey ex Hook., Exot. Fl. 3:T. 184.1827; Hook. f., Fl. Brit. India 5:744. 1890. Fig. 9c Lip of this species is very peculiar in being calceolar pyriform or hemispheric with broadly incurved fimbriate margins. 35. Dendrobium nobile Lindl., Gen. Sp. Orch. 34.1830; Hook. f., Fl. Brit. India 5:740. 1890; King & Pantling, Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Calcutta 8: 51, T. 71.1898; Mukerjee, Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 21(3):152. 1953; Deb, Bull. Bot. Surv. India 3(2): 127.1961; Pradhan, Ind. Orch. Guide to Iden. Cult. 315. 1979; Devi & Ghatak, Proc. 5th ASEAN Orch. Cong. Sing. 75. 1984; Seidenfaden, Opera Bot. 83: 83.1985; Chauhan in Pathak et al. (Ed.), Orch. Sci. & Com. 89. 2001. H. B. Singh showed a pure alba form of this found in Manipur. 36. Dendrobium ochreatum Lindl., Bot. Reg. 21: sub T 1756.1835; Hook. f., Fl. Brit. India 5:747. 1890; Mukerjee, Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 21(3):152. 1953; Deb, Bull. Bot. Surv. India 3(2):127.1961; Devi & Ghatak, Proc. 5th ASEAN Orch. Cong. Sing. 75. 1984; Seidenfaden, Opera Bot. 83:55.1985; Chauhan in Pathak et al. (Ed.), Orch. Sci. & Com. 89. 2001. Mukerjee recorded this species from Phungum at 1800 m. 37. Dendrobium parcum Rchb. f., Gard. Chron. 1042.1866; Hook. f., Fl. Brit. India 5:720. 1890; Seidenfaden, Opera Bot. 83:158. 1985. Epipytic herbs. Stems 50 cm or more, usually thin, purple and furrowed when old, sheaths grey, often branching. Infloresecnce very short subterminal and at nodes, with 2-5 creamy yellow flowers; dorsal sepal 4-5 mm, 3-veined; petals linear-spathulate; lip nearly twice as long, spathulate, slightly retuse at apex without sidleobes, the base fleshy with two ridges; hypochile green with dark purple spots, epichile pure yellow; mentum sac-shaped; column very broad with a much concave front side, rostellum rather large with sqaurish front edge; operculum triangular, conical. Fruits not seen. Flowering: March-April Habitat: Evergreen forests at 800 m. Occurrence: India, Manipur, Thoubal. Distribution: India, Myanmar, Thailand and Vietnam. Specimens Examined: INDIA, Manipur, Thoubal: 22 March 1996, C. Sathish Kumar 28708 (TBGT!). Note: Type of this species was from Tenasserim, Myanmar. A few samples we could collect are not good for illustration. It is a new record for India. 38. Dendrobium parishii Rchb. f., Bot. Zeit. 21. no. 31: 237.1863; Hook. f., Fl. Brit. India 5:740.1890; Pradhan Ind. Orch. Guide to Iden.Cult.62.1979; Devi & Ghatak, Proc. 5th ASEAN Orch. Cong. Sing. 75. 1984; Seidenfaden, Opera Bot. 83:62.1985; Chauhan in Pathak et al. (Ed.), Orch. Sci. & Com. 89. 2001. Devi and Ghatak reported it from Ukhrul at 1900 m. Pradhan also recorded it from Manipur. 39. Dendrobium pendulum Roxb., Fl. Ind. 2 Ed. 3: 484.1832; Hook. f., Fl. Brit. India 5:741.1890 (excl. syn. D. wardianum); Pradhan, Ind. Orch. Guide to Iden. Cult. 319. 1979; Seidenfaden, Opera Bot. 83: 60.1985; Chauhan in Pathak et al. (Ed.), Orch. Sci. & Com. 89. C. Sathish Kumar & P. C. Suresh Kumar 33 b a c d Figure 9. a. Dendrobium fimbriatum Hook. ; b. Dendrobium lituiflorum Lindl. ; c. Dendrobium moschatum (Buch.-Ham.) Sw.; d. Dendrobium thyrsiflorum Rchb. f. 34 An Orchid Digest of Manipur 2001. D. crassinode Benson Rchb. f., Gard. Chron. 164.1869; Devi & Ghatak, Proc. 5th ASEAN Orch. Cong. Sing. 74. 1984. Devi and Ghatak reported it from Tengnoupal. 40. Dendrobium porphyrochilum Lindl., J. Linn. Soc. 3:18.1858; Hook. f., Fl. Brit. India 5:716. 1890; King & Pantling, Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Calcutta 8: 44.Pl. 59.1898; Mukerjee, Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 21(3):152. 1953; Deb, Bull. Bot. Surv. India 3(2):127.1961; Pradhan, Ind. Orch. Guide to Iden. Cult. 340. 1979; Seidenfaden, Opera Bot. 83:138.1985; Chauhan in Pathak et al. (Ed.), Orch. Sci. & Com. 89. 2001. Mukerjee recorded this species from Ukhrul. 41. Dendrobium primulinum Lindl., Gard. Chron. 223.1858; Hook. f., Fl. Brit. India 5:735.1890; Pradhan, Ind. Orch. Guide to Iden. Cult. 320. 1979; Devi & Ghatak, Proc. 5th ASEAN Orch. Cong. Sing. 75. 1984; Seidenfaden, Opera Bot. 83:69.1985; Chauhan in Pathak et al. (Ed.), Orch. Sci. & Com. 89. 2001. We collected this species from Thoubal. 42. Dendrobium pulchellum Roxb. ex Lindl., Gen. Sp. Orch. 82.1830; Hook. f., Fl. Brit. India 5:186.1890; Mukerjee, Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 21(3):152. 1953; Deb, Bull. Bot. Surv. India 3(2):127.1961; Devi & Ghatak, Proc. 5th ASEAN Orch. Cong. Sing. 75. 1984; Seidenfaden, Opera Bot. 83: 65.1985; Chauhan in Pathak et al. (Ed.), Orch. Sci. & Com. 89. 2001. D. dalhousieanum Wallich, Paxt. Bot. Mag. 11: T. 145.1844; Hook. f., Fl. Brit. India 5: 743. 1890. p. p. Mukerjee reported this species from Ukhrul. 43. Dendrobium stuposum Lindl., Bot. Reg. 24:52. misc. 94. 1838; Hook. f., Fl. Brit. India 6:186.1890; Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Calcutta 5: 13. T. 20; King & Pantling, Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Calcutta 8:54. T. 75.1898; Pradhan, Ind. Orch. Guide to Iden. Cult. 324. 1979; Seidenfaden, Opera Bot. 83: 93.1985; Chauhan in Pathak et al. (Ed.), Orch. Sci. & Com. 90. 2001. This species has characteristically two flowered inflorescences; flower is pure white with a yellow patch on lip. 44. Dendrobium sulcatum Lindl., Bot. Reg. 24:T. 65.1838; Hook. f., Fl. Brit. India 5:749. 1890; King & Pantling, Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Calcutta 8: 55. T. 78.1898; Pradhan, Ind. Orch. Guide to Iden. Cult. 304. 1979; Seidenfaden, Opera Bot. 83: 19.1985; Chauhan in Pathak et al. (Ed.), Orch. Sci. & Com. 90. 2001. This species is closely related to D. chrysotoxum Lindl. also found in Manipur but can be distinguished on the basis of its laterally compressed stems and petals with entire edges. 45. Dendrobium thyrsiflorum Rchb. f. in André, Ill. Hort. 22:88. T. 207. 1875; King & Pantling, Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Calcutta 8: 52.1898; Pradhan, Ind. Orch. Guide to Iden. Cult. 306. 1979; Devi & Ghatak, Proc. 5th ASEAN Orch. Cong. Sing. 75. 1984; Seidenfaden, Opera Bot. 83: 25.1985; Chauhan in Pathak et al. (Ed.), Orch. Sci. & Com. 90. 2001. D. densiflorum var. albolutea Hook. f., Bot. Mag. 3: s. 25:5780.1869; Hook. f., Fl. Brit. India 5: 748. 1890. Fig. 9d Mukerjee recorded this species from Ukhrul. 46. Dendrobium transparens Wallich ex Lindl., Gen Sp. Orch. 79.1830; Hook. f., Fl. Brit. India 5:738. 1890; King & Pantling, Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Calcutta 8: 50 T. 70.1898; Chauhan in Pathak et al. (Ed.), Orch. Sci. & Com. 90. 2001. Wallich’s type was from Nepal. Lip of this species is broadly elliptic-obovate to sagittate and obscurely 3 lobed, clawed at base and pubescent. 47. Dendrobium wardianum Warner, Sel. Orch. 1:T. 19.1862; Hook. f., Fl. Brit. India 5:742.1890; Pradhan, Ind. Orch. Guide to Iden. Cult. 319. 1979; Seidenfaden, Opera Bot. 83: 56.1985; Chauhan in Pathak et al. (Ed.), Orch. Sci. & Com. 90. 2001. Pradhan recorded this species from Manipur. 48. Dendrobium wattii (Hook. f.)Rchb. f., Gard. Chron. 2:724.1888; Hook. f., Fl. Brit. India 5:721. 1890; Deb, Bull. Bot. Surv. India 3(2):127. 1961; Seidenfaden, Opera Bot. 83:113. 1985 & Opera Bot. 124: 29.1995; Pradhan in Pathak et al. (Ed.), Orch. Sci. & Com. 90. 2001. D. cariniferum var. wattii Hook. f., Bot. Mag. Pl. 6715. 1883. The original specimen collected by Watt (G. Watt 5944, CAL! K) from ‘on ascent to Suripheri at 9000 ft’. in January 1882 was the basis for J.D. Hooker’s description of eponymous variety under Dendrobium cariniferum. This was elevated to the rank of a species by Reichenbach f., a view immediately accepted by Hooker. On the type sheet at CAL Pantling remarked ‘very doubtfully D. wattii as figured in the Bot. Mag. t. 6715. The Bot. Mag. shows a small oblong anterior lobe of the lip, whereas in this specimen it is large, bifid with cucullate margin. Watt 5944 does not agree with any species described in the FBI’ – RP April 1897. This is a very rare species and poorly represented in herbaria. 49. Dendrobium williamsonii Day & Rchb. f., Gard.Chron.78.1869; Hook. f., Fl. Brit. India 5: 721. 1890; Pradhan, Ind. Orch. Guide to Iden. Cult. 326. C. Sathish Kumar & P. C. Suresh Kumar 1979; Shukla & Baishya, J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 76:221.1979; Devi & Ghatak, Proc. 5th ASEAN Orch. Cong. Sing. 75. 1984; Seidenfaden, Opera Bot. 83:121.1985; Chauhan in Pathak et al. (Ed.), Orch. Sci. & Com. 90. 2001. Shukla and Baishya recorded this species from Manipur. Specimens Examined:INDIA: Manipur: Imphal 30.03.1996 C. Sathish Kumar 28734 (TBGT!). Dickasonia L. O. Williams A monotypic epiphytic genus with clustered 1-leaved pseudobulbs and lateral racemes of 3-7 white flowers originally described from Myanmar. Dickasonia vernicosa L. O. Williams, Bot. Mus. Leafl. Harv. Univ. 9: 37.1941; Deori, Bull. Bot. Surv. India 26(1-4):230.1984 (1986). Kalimpongia natarajitii Pradhan in Orchid Dig. 41(5):172.1977; Devi & Ghatak, Proc. 5th ASEAN Orch. Cong. Sing. 75. 1984. Pradhan’s original record was from Manipur without precise locality. Devi and Ghatak reported it from Laimaton. Pradhan who had a collection of this from Manipur wrongly believed it to represent a new genus which he called Kalimpongia. Deori (1986) found it congeneric. column and four pollinia. Christenson (2001) prefers to keep this under Phalaenopsis. Only one species is known from India, which is also recorded from Manipur. Doritis pulcherrima Lindl., Gen Sp. Orch. 178.1988; Hook. f., Fl. Brit. India 6:31. 1890; Seidenfaden, Opera Bot. 95: 31.1988; Chauhan in Pathak et al. (Ed.), Orch. Sci. & Com. 90. 2001. Phalaenopsis mastersii King & Pantl., J. As. Soc. Beng. 66:591. 1897. King and Pantling described their novelty based on Masters’ collection made at the Nambur Falls in Assam made February 1845. Drymoda Lindley An Indo-SE Asian genus of three epiphytic species characterized by small discoid pseudobulbs and oneflowered inflorescence on a thin scape from the base; column-foot long with lateral sepals attached to it at the end. Only one species occurs in India including Manipur. Drymoda gymnopus (Hook. f.) Garay, Hamer & Siegerist, Nord. J. Bot. 14(6):641. 1994. Bulbophyllum gymnopus Hook. f., Fl. Brit. India 5:764. 1890. This species has pale greenish white flowers with an obtuse yellow lip. Dienia Blume An Indo-Malesian genus with one highly variable species characterized by 3 lobed lip with transverse callus. This genus was till recently merged under Malaxis and was resurrected by Szlachetko (1995). This is the only species under this genus and it is found in Manipur. It is a terrestrial herb with many plicate leaves around a thick stem having a terminal inflorescence bearing congested reddish flowers. Dienia ophrydis (Koenig) Ormerod & Seidenf., Contr. Orch. Fl. Thailand 13:18. 1997. Epidendrum ophrydis Koenig in Retz., Obs. 6:46. 1771. Malaxis latifolia J. E. Sm. in Rees Cyclop. 22. 1812; Mukerjee, Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 21(3):153. 1953; Seidenfaden, Dansk Bot. Ark. 33(1): 45. 1978. Dienia congesta Lindl., Bot. Reg. 10 sub t 825. 1824. Microstylis congesta (Lindl.)Rchb. f., Walp. Ann. 6:206.1861; Hook. f., Fl. Brit. India 5: 689. 1888. Malaxis congesta (Lindl.)Deb, Bull. Bot. Surv. Ind. 3:123. 1961. Mukerjee reported this species from Ukhrul. Doritis Lindley An Indo-Malesian genus of two lithophytic species characterized by a long column foot equalling the 35 Epigeneium Gagnepain An Indo-Malesian genus of about 35 species of epiphytic orchids with elongated stems bearing 1 or 2 leaved pseudobulbs and 1 to many medium sized to large, showy flowers. Six species are found in India. Two occur in Manipur. 1a. Dorsal sepal 3.5-6.5 cm long …….... E. amplum 1b. Dorsal sepal less than 3 cm long......E. fuscescens 1. Epigeneium amplum (Lindl.) Summerh., Kew Bull. 2:260. 1957; Seidenfaden, Dansk Bot. Ark. 34(1):71. 1980. Dendrobium amplum Lindl. in Wallich, Pl. As. Rar. 1:25. T. 29.1829; Hook. f., Fl. Brit. India 5:711. 1890; King & Pantling, Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Calcutta 8: 63. T. 89. 1898. Dendrobium coelogyne Rchb. f., Gard.Chron.136.1871; Hook. f., Fl. Brit. India 5:712. 1890. Type specimens were gathered from Nepal and Bangladesh. 2. Epigeneium fuscescens (Griffth) Summerh., Kew Bull. 2:262. 1957. Dendrobium fuscescens Griffith, Not. Pl. Asiat. 3: 308.1851; Hook. f., Fl. Brit. India 5:712. 1890. 36 An Orchid Digest of Manipur Griffith collected the type from Churrapunji in Meghalaya. 12a. Leaf acute at apex; sepals and petals whitish with purple lines ……...........………… E. amica Eria Lindley 12b. Leaf obtuse at apex or emarginate; sepals and petals white tinged with green ....... E. acervata An Indo-Malesian genus of about 500 species of epiphytic or lithophytic orchids with pseudobulbous stems bearing 1 to many leaves and axillary or terminal racemes or fascicles of small or medium sized flowers. India is known to have 55 species and 2 varieties. Fourteen species are known from Manipur. 1. Eria acervata Lindl., J. Hort. Soc. 6:57. 1851; Hook. f., Fl. Brit. India 5:796. 1890; King & Pantling, Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Calcutta 8: 123: Pl. 170. 1898; Pradhan, Ind. Orch. Guide to Iden. Cult. 359. 1979; Seidenfaden, Opera Bot. 62: 106. 1982; Chauhan in Pathak et al. (Ed.), Orch. Sci. & Com. 90. 2001. Fig. 10 Stems consisting of one distinct internode only ................................................................................2 1b. Stems consisting of several internodes………. 6 2a. Leaves plicate ……………………… E. javanica 2b. Leaves conduplicate, sometimes terete ………3 3a. Small plants with less than 1 cm high pseudobulbs ………………………E. muscicola 3b. Large plants with tall pseudobulbous stems......4 4a. Lip simple, unlobed …………………. E. vittata 4b. Lip 3 lobed …………………………………….. 5 5a. Flowers white to pale purple; lip flushed with purple …….....................…………… E. coronaria 5b. Flowers pale cream; lip with yellow red markings ………….........………….. E. excavata 6a. Plants reed like; stems more than 7 leaved ….. 7 6b. Plants pseudobulbous; stems less than 7 leaved ................................................................................ 8 7a. Inflorescence densely flowered......E. paniculata 7b. inflorescence laxly flowered.......E. bambusifolia 8a. Leaves terete .........................……… E. pannaea 8b. Leaves flat, dorsiventral ……………......…….. 9 9a. Inflorescence glabrous …………………......….10 9b. Inflorescence woolly, tomentose or pubescent ................................................................................11 10a. Flowers cream coloured; lip with a broad orbicular midlobe……….......…….E. globulifera 10b. Flowers white with a purplish flash; lip with a triangular midlobe ……................…….E. spicata 11a. Inflorescence densely or softly tomentose ……………………............………….. E. discolor 11b. Inflorescence pubescent, not tomentose…….12 1 cm 5 mm b a 5 mm 1a. c 5 mm d e Figure 10. Eria acervata Lindl. - Flower showing lip details; a. Flower; b. Dorsal sepal; c. Petal; d. Lateral sepal; e. Lip (after CSK 28745). We got our specimens from Tupul which later flowered under cultivation at TBGRI. Flowering: April-June Habitat: Primary forests at Tupul at 760 m. Occurrence: Manipur: Tupul Distribution: India, Myanmar, Thailand, Cambodia, Vietnam and China. Specimens Examined: INDIA, Manipur: Tupul C. Sathish Kumar 28745, 28758 (TBGT!). 2. Eria amica Rchb. f., Xen. Orch. 2:162. T. 168 III, 6-9, 1870; Hook. f., Fl. Brit. India 5:800. 1890; Pradhan, Ind. Orch. Guide to Iden. Cult. 364. 1979; Seidenfaden, Opera Bot. 62: 115. 1982; Chauhan in Pathak et al. (Ed.), Orch. Sci. & Com. 90. 2001. E. confusa Hook. f., Ic. Pl. T. 1850, 1889 & Fl. Brit. India 5: 796. 1890; King & Pantling, Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Calcutta 8:122 Pl. 169. 1898. E. andersonii Hook. f., Fl. Brit. India 5:795. 1890 & Ic. Pl. T. 2069. 1891. Type of this species was procured by John Day from Assam. C. Sathish Kumar & P. C. Suresh Kumar 3. Eria bambusifolia Lindl., J. Linn. Soc.3:61.1859; Hook. f., Fl. Brit. India 5: 805. 1890; King & Pantling, Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Calcutta 8:119.Pl.163.1898; Pradhan, Ind. Orch. Guide to Iden. Cult. 366. 1979; Chauhan in Pathak et al. (Ed.), Orch. Sci. & Com. 90. 2001. Types were collected from Khasia hills of Meghalaya. 3. Eria coronaria (Lindl.)Rchb. f. in Walp. Ann. 6:272. 1861; King & Pantling, Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Calcutta 8: 124. Pl. 172.1898; Mukerjee, Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 21(3): 152. 1953; Deb, Bull. Bot. Surv. India 3(2):127.1961; Pradhan, Ind. Orch. Guide to Iden. Cult. 357. 1979; Seidenfaden, Opera Bot. 62:40. 1982; Chauhan in Pathak et al. (Ed.), Orch. Sci. & Com. 90. 2001. Coelogyne coronaria Lindl., Bot. Reg. 27:178. misc. 83. 1841. Trichosma suavis Lindl., Bot. Reg. 28:T. 21.1842; Hook. f., Fl. Brit. India 5: 827.1890 & 6:193. 1890. Mukerjee reported this species from Khangkhui at 1300 m. 5. Eria discolor Lindl., J. Linn. Soc. 3:51. 1859; Hook. f., Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Calcutta 5:21. 1985; Seidenfaden, Opera Bot. 62:49. 1982. Tylostylis discolor (Lindl.)Hook. f., Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Calcutta 5:22. 1895 (in syn.); King & Pantling, Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Calcutta 8: 130. Pl. 180. 1898; Pradhan, Ind. Orch. Guide to Iden. Cult. 341. 1979. Eria pulchella auct. non Lindl.: Hook. f., Fl. Brit. India 5: 801. 1890 We got our specimens from Thoubal. 6. Eria excavata Lindl., Gen. Sp. Orch. 67. 1830; Hook. f., Ic. Pl. t. 1846. 1889 & Fl. Brit. India 5: 795. 1890; Mukerjee, Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 21(3):152.1953; Deb, Bull. Bot. Surv. India 3(2):127. 1961; Chauhan in Pathak et al. (Ed.), Orch. Sci. & Com. 90. 2001. Mukerjee reported this species from Sirohi at 2600 m. 7. Eria javanica (Sw.)Blume, Rumphia 2:23.1836; Pradhan, Ind. Orch. Guide to Iden. Cult. 352. 1979; Seidenfaden, Opera Bot. 62: 26. 1982. Dendrobium javanicum Sw., Kgl. Sv. Vet. Akad. Nya Handl. 21:247. 1800. Eria fragrans Rchb. f., Bot. Zeit. 22:415. 1864; Hook. f., Fl. Brit. India 5: 794. 1890; King & Pantling, Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Calcutta 8: 122. Pl. 168. 1898; Shukla & Baishya, J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 76: 227. 1979. Shukla and Baishya recorded this species from Moreh. 8. Eria globulifera Seidenf., Opera Bot. 62:125.1982; 37 Naithani, Nageswara Rao & Haridasan, Ind. J. For. 8(4): 333. 1985. Fig. 11 Epiphytic herbs. Stems usually plurinodal, close together, 10-15 x 1-2 cm, cylindrical with broad transparent acute sheaths. Leaves 3-5, oblonglanceolate, 10-22 x 2-3.5 cm, 11-veined, midvein prominent having distinct sheathing leaf base. Inflorescence 3.5-4.5 cm long, 2-3 together arising from the axil of the leaf behind the apex, curved towards one side, many flowered and densely packed, globular; floral bracts white and petaloid, 5-8 x 2.54.5 mm, 5-veined, ovate-oblong, margin slightly erose, acute at apex; ovary + pedicel 4 mm long and faintly pubescent. Flowers white or off white, 9 mm long and 8 mm broad with spreading lateral sepals; dorsal sepal 6 x 3.5-4 mm, ovate, 3-veined, gland dotted, obtuse; lateral sepals broadly ovate, 5-5.5 x 3.5-4 mm, 3-veined, acute; petals 4-4.5 x 2-2.5 mm, oblong-lanceolate, 1-veined, obtuse;lip 3-lobed, 2 x 3 mm across the sidelobes, 3-veined; sidelobes folded upwards, white semicircular, midlobe broad, orbicular, broad at base, strongly yellow and cushion like; column 1 mm long with a distinct thickening on either side; column foot 2 mm long, attaching lateral sepals and lip; operculum 1.5 mm broad, 8-celled, pollinia 8 in two packets of four each. Fruits not seen. Flowering: August Habitat: Evergreen forests at 800 m. Occurrence: India, Manipur, Tupul; Arunachal Pradesh. Distribution: India, Thailand, Laos and Vietnam. Specimens Examined: INDIA, Manipur: Tupul 18 March 1996 C. Sathish Kumar 27362 (TBGT!); flowered under cultivation on 21 August 1996 C. Sathish Kumar 28748 (TBGT!). Note: Naithani et al. reported this species first time for India from Arunachal Pradesh. This ia s new record for Manipur. Our identification was confirmed by Paul Ormerod who studied Seidenfaden’s type from Thailand. 9. Eria muscicola (Lindl.)Lindl., J. Linn. Soc.3:47.1859; Hook. f., Fl. Brit. India 5: 789. 1890; King & Pantling, Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Calcutta 8: 117. Pl. 159. 1898; Deb, Bull. Bot. Surv. India 3(2):127. 1961; Seidenfaden, Opera Bot. 62:32.1982; Chauhan in Pathak et al. (Ed.), Orch. Sci. & Com. 90. 2001. Dendrobium muscicola Lindl., Gen. Sp. Orch. 75. 1830. Deb reported this species from Kangpokpi (Maohing 15.8.1953 D. B. Deb 935, CAL!) 38 An Orchid Digest of Manipur 10. Eria paniculata Lindl. in Wallich, Pl. As. Rar. 1:32. T. 36.1830; Hook. f., Fl. Brit. India 5:789. 1890; King & Pantling, Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Calcutta 8:26.Pl.174. 1898; Pradhan, Ind. Orch. Guide to Ident. Cult. 356. 1979; Seidenfaden, Opera Bot. 62:67.1982; Chauhan in Pathak et al. (Ed.), Orch. Sci. & Com. 90. 2001. Type originated from Bangladesh. 11. Eria pannaea Lindl., Bot. Reg. 28:64. misc.79.1842; Hook. f., Fl. Brit. India 5: 804. 1890; King & Pantling, 3 mm d e g f 2 mm 2 mm c 4 mm b 4 mm 3 mm h 5 cm 1 mm i 1 mm j a Figure 11. Eria globulifera Seidenf. - a. Habit; b. Flower; c. Flower (with one sepal removed); d. Floral bract; e. Dorsal sepal; f. Lateral sepal; g. Petal; h. Pollinia; i. Operculum (after CSK 27362). C. Sathish Kumar & P. C. Suresh Kumar 39 Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Calcutta 8: 127. Pl. 176.1898; Pradhan, Ind. Orch. Guide to Iden. Cult. 356. 1979; Seidenfaden, Opera Bot. 62: 45.1982; Ghatak & Devi in Vij (Ed.) Biol. Cons. Cult. Orch. 358. 1986; Chauhan in Pathak et al. (Ed.), Orch. Sci. & Com. 90. 2001. orchids with tubers or pseudobulbs bearing mostly plicate or grass like leaves and a lateral raceme of large variously shaped,coloured flowers. Twenty six species are known from India. Three have been found to occur in Manipur. We saw specimens under cultivation at Thoubal in a military camp. 1a. Column with a distinct foot …………………. 2 1b. Column without a foot …..……………. E. dabia 2a. Leaves present during flowering....E. spectabilis 2b. Leaves absent during flowering....... E. bicallosa Specimens Examined: INDI: Manipur: Thoubal 22.03.1996 C. Sathish Kumar 28707 (TBGT!) 12. Eria spicata (D. Don) Hand. Mazz., Symb. Sin. 7:1353. 1936; Pradhan, Ind. Orch. Guide to Iden. Cult. 365. 1979; Seidenfaden, Opera Bot. 62: 126.1982; Chauhan in Pathak et al. (Ed.), Orch. Sci. & Com. 90. 2001. Octomeria spicata D. Don, Prodr. Fl. Nepal. 31. 1825. Eria convallaroides Lindl., Gen. Sp. Orch. 70.1830; Hook. f., Fl. Brit. India 5: 791. 1890; King & Pantling, Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Calcutta 8: 118. Pl. 161. 1898. This is closely allied to E. globulifera Seidenf. but has a different lip with a thickened midlobe. 13. Eria vittata Lindl., J. Linn. Soc.3:51.1859; Hook. f., Fl. Brit. India 5: 794. 1890; King & Pantling, Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Calcutta 8: 120.Pl. 165.1898; Pradhan, Ind. Orch. Guide to Iden. Cult. 365. 1979; Chauhan in Pathak et al. (Ed.), Orch. Sci. & Com. 90. 2001. Watt collected this species for the first time from Manipur. 14. Eria sp. Fig. 12a We could not identify this species so far. It was collected from Thoubal. Esmeralda Reichenbach f. An Asian mainland genus of two epiphytic species with strikingly beautiful flowers distributed from India, Nepal, Bhutan, Burma through Thailand to South China. Both the species occur in India. One is believed to occur in Manipur. Esmeralda clarkei Rchb. f., Gard. Chron. 2:552. 1886; Seidenfaden, Opera Bot. 95:136. 1988. Arachnanthe clarkei (Rchb. f.)Rolfe, Gard. Chron.567.1888; Hook. f., Fl. Brit. India 6:28. 1890; King & Pantling, Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Calcutta 8: 209. Pl. 279. 1898. Arachis clarkei (Rchb. f.)J. J. Sm., Nat. Tidjdssschr. Ned. Ind. 72:73.1912; Pradhan, Ind. Orch. Guide to Iden. Cult. 500. 1979. We could not collect or study any specimen from Manipur. Eulophia R. Br. ex Lindley An Old World genus of about 200 species of terrestrial 1. Eulophia bicallosa (D. Don) Hunt & Summerh., Kew Bull. 20:60. 1966; Seidenfaden, Opera Bot. 72: 38. 1984; Chauhan in Pathak et al. (Ed.), Orch. Sci. & Com. 91. 2001. Bletilla bicallosa D. Don, Prodr. Fl. Nepal. 30. 1825; Hook. f., Fl. Brit. India 6:196. 1890. Cyrtopera bicarinata Lindl., Gen. Sp. Orch. 189.1833. Eulophia bicarinata (Lindl.)Hook. f., Fl. Brit. India 6:6. 1890; King & Pantling, Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Calcutta 8: 180. Pl. 244. 1898; Mukerjee, Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 21(3): 152. 1953; Deb, Bull. Bot. Surv. India 3(2):127. 1961. Watt first collected this species from Manipur. Mukerjee reported it from Chammu at 1300 m. 2. Eulophia dabia (D. Don) Hochr. in Bull. New York Bot. Gard. 6:270. 1910; Chauhan in Pathak et al. (Ed.), Orch. Sci. & Com. 91. 2001. Bletia dabia D. Don, Prodr. Fl.Nepal. 30. 1825. Eulophia campestris Wallich ex Lindl., Gen. Sp. Orch. 185.1830; Mukerjee, Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 21(3): 52. 1953; Deb, Bull. Bot. Surv. India 3(2):127. 1961. Mukerjee recorded this species from Ukhrul. 3. Eulophia spectabilis (Dennst.) Suresh, Regn. Veg. 119:300. 1988. Wolffia spectabilis Dennst.,Schlüssel Hortus Malab.11, 25, 38. 1813. Eulophia nuda Lindl., Gen. Sp. Orch. 180.1833; Hook. f., Fl. Brit. India 5:5. 1890; King & Pantling, Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Calcutta 8: 180. Pl. 243.1898; Pradhan, Ind. Orch. Guide to Iden. Cult.457. 1979; Seidenfaden, Opera Bot. 72:40.1984; Chauhan in Pathak et al. (Ed.), Orch. Sci. & Com. 91. 2001. Watt collected this species from Manipur. Flickingeria Hawkes An epiphytic genus extending from tropical Asia to Oceania with about 70 species characterized by creeping and rooting rhizomes with erect branches bearing single-flowered inflorescence at top of pseudobulbs close to foliage leaf and very characteristic lip. Seven species are known from India. One species occurs in Manipur. 40 An Orchid Digest of Manipur Flickingera fugax (Rchb. f.) Seidenf., Dansk Bot. Ark. 34(1):46.1980; Chauhan in Pathak et al. (Ed.), Orch. Sci. & Com. 91. 2001. Dendrobium fugax Rchb. f., Gard. Chron. 1257. 1871; Hook. f., Fl. Brit. India 5:752. 1890. Dendrobium macraei auct. non Lindl.: King & Pantling, Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Calcutta 8: 61. Pl.86. 1898. Lip is dilated from a cuneate base with obtusely angled sidelobes and a clawed midlobe abruptly hastate – flabelliform, dilated, emarginate - retuse with undulate sides having two membraneous keels running from base to top of the claw. Opera Bot. 95:289. 1988; Chauhan in Pathak et al. (Ed.), Orch. Sci. & Com. 91. 2001. Aerides calceolaris Buch.–Ham. ex J. E. Sm. in Rees Cyclop. 39. 1818, non Teijsmann & Binnend. Epidendrum calaceolare Buch.Ham. in D. Don, Prodr. Fl. Nepal. 32. 1825 in syn. Saccolabium calceolare (Buch.-Ham. ex J. E. Sm.) Lindl., Gen. Sp. Orch. 223. 1833; Hook. f., Fl. Brit. India6:60. 1890; King & Pantling, Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Calcutta 8: 225. Pl. 300. 1898. Fig. 12b Devi and Ghatak reported this species from Lamakhong at 1000 m. Gastrochilus D. Don Specimens Examined: INDIA, Manipur: Kasom Khullen C. Sathish Kumar 28712 (TBGT!). . An Indo-Malesian genus of about 50 epiphytic species (Tsi, 1996) with short or long stems, linear oblong leaves and often short subumbellate inflorescence of very attractive flowers. Fifteen species are reported from India. Four species occur in Manipur. 4.Gastrochilus distichus (Lindl.)O. Kintze, Rev. Gen. 2:661.1891; Chauhan in Pathak et al. (Ed.), Orch. Sci. & Com. 91. 2001. Saccolabium distichum Lindl., J. Linn. Soc. 3:36.1859; Hook. f., Fl. Brit. India 6:64. 1890. 1a. Epichile of lip smooth ………………G. distichus Geodorum Jacks. 1b. Epichile of lip papillose …………...………..... 2 2a. Stems reduced; sepals and petals yellow with large chocolate blotches …................ G. bellinus 2b. Stems elongate; sepals and petals greenish yellow or brown with brown or purplish dots...….............................................................…. 3 An Indo-Malesian genus of ten species of terrestrial orchids with epigeal pseudobulbs bearing many plicate leaves and a lateral, apically curved inflorescence of pink to white or yellow flowers. India is known to have 3 species. Two have been reported from Manipur. 1a. Flowers rose coloured .................G. densiflorum 3a. Leaves acute.....................………..G. acutifolius 1b. Flowers white coloured ………….. G. recurvum 3b. Leaves unequally 2 lobed ......…….G. calceolaris 1. Geodorum densiflorum (Lam.) Schltr., Fed. Repert. Beih. 4:259. 1919; Seidenfaden, Opera Bot. 72: 61 (1983)1984; Chauhan in Pathak et al. (Ed.), Orch. Sci. & Com. 91. 2001. Limodorum densiflorum Lam., Enc. 3:516. 1792. 1. Gastrochilus acutifolius (Lindl.)O. Kuntze, Rev. Gen. 2:661. 1891; Chauhan in Pathak et al. (Ed.), Orch. Sci. & Com. 91. 2001.Saccolabium acutifolium Lindl., Gen. Sp. Orch. 223. 1833; Hook. f., Fl. Brit. India 6:61. 1890 King & Pantling, Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Calcutta 8: 226. t. 303. 1898. Ghatak and Devi reported this species from Khudengthabi as a new record for Manipur. 2. Gastrochilus bellinus (Rchb. f.) O. Kuntze, Rev. Gen. 2:661.1891; Christenson, Amer. Orch. Soc. Bull. 54(9): 1112.1985; Ghatak & Devi in Vij (Ed.), Biol. Cons. Cult. Orch. 360. 1986; Seidenfaden, Opera Bot. 95:287. 1988. Saccolabium bellinum Rchb.f., Gard. Chron. 1:174. 1884; Hook. f., Fl. Brit. India 6: 61. 1890. This was reported as a new record for India by Ghatak and Devi from Khudaengthabi, Manipur at 1340 m. 3. Gastrochilus calceolaris (Buch.- Ham. ex J. E. Sm.) D. Don, Prodr. Fl. Nepal. 32. 1825; Pradhan, Ind. Orch. Guide to Iden. Cult. 557. 1979; Devi & Ghatak, Proc. 5th ASEAN Orch. Cong. Sing.75.1984; Christenson, Amer. Orch. Soc. Bull. 54(9):1113. 1985; Seidenfaden, 2. Geodorum recuvum (Roxb.) Alston in Trimen, Flora of Ceylon 6:276.1931; Seidenfaden, Opera Bot. 72:61 (1983)1984. Limodorum recurvum Roxb., Corom. Pl. 33. Pl. 39. 1795. Geodorum dilatatum R. Br. in Aiton, Hort. Kew. Ed. 2, 5:207. 1813; Mukerjee, Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 21(3):152. 1953. Mukerjee recorded this species from Kachai at 1440 m. Goodyera R. Br. A widespread genus of about 160 species of ground orchids occurring mostly in the warmer parts except Africa. Twenty species are known from India with three in Manipur. 1a. Inflorescence dense; lip with pellucid glands …………………..................…………..G. procera 1b. Inflorescence lax; lip pilose or papillose within …………………….......................………………. 2 C. Sathish Kumar & P. C. Suresh Kumar 41 c a b d Figure 12. a. Eria sp.; b. Gastrochilus calceolaris (Buch.- Ham. ex J. E. Sm.) D. Don; c. Hygrochilus parishii (Veitch & Rchb. f.) Pfitz.; d. Paphiopedilum hirsutissimum (Lindl. ex Hook.) Stein 42 An Orchid Digest of Manipur 2a. Leaves lanceolate with white blotching ………………….....………G. schlechtendaliana 2b. Leaves subradical, spreading or clustered about middle of stem ……........…….…………3 2b. Leaves ovate-laceolate without white blotching …….…………...................……………..G. foliosa 3a. Lip simple with a raising tongue in between two stigmas ………..................…………H. mandersii 1. Goodyera foliosa (Lindl.)Benth. ex C. B. Clarke, J. Linn. Soc. 25:73. 1889; Hook. f., Fl. Brit. India 6:113. 1890; King & Pantling, Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Calcutta 8: 281. T. 374.1898; Mukerjee, Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 21(3):152. 1953; Deb, Bull. Bot. Surv. India 3(2):127. 1961; Pradhan, Ind. Orch. Guide to Ident. Cult. 1:108. 1976; Seidenfaden, Dansk Bot. Ark. 32(2):29. 1978; Chauhan in Pathak et al. (Ed.), Orch. Sci. & Com. 91. 2001. Georchis foliosa Lindl., Gen. Sp. Orch. 496. 1840. 3b. Lip tripartite without tongue………………..…4 4a. Large flowered plants; lateral sepals more than 10 mm long ..........................................................5 4b. Small flowered plants; lateral sepals less than 10 mm long …………...........……….H. acuifera 5a. Spur reduced; lip unlobed …….H. pelorioides 5b. Spur well developed; lip 3 lobed……………...6 6a. Petals pubescent or glandular pubescent …………………….........……………..H. arietina 6b. Petals not pubescent ………………... H. dentata Mukerjee found this species at Lamlong at 1800m. 2. Goodyera procera (Ker-Gawl.) Hook., Exot. Fl. 1. 3:T. 39. 1823; Clarke, J. Linn. Soc. 25::73; Hook. f., Fl. Brit. India 6:111. 1890; King & Pantling, Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Calcutta 8: 282. T. 378. 1898; Deb, Bull. Bot. Surv. India 3(2):127. 1961; Pradhan, Ind. Orch. Guide to Ident. Cult. 1:109.1976; Seidenfaden, Dansk Bot. Ark. 32(2):22. 1978; Chauhan in Pathak et al. (Ed.), Orch. Sci. & Com. 91. 2001. Neottia procera Ker-Gawl., Bot. Reg. 8:T. 639. 1822. Clarke collected this species from west Manipur. 3. Goodyera schlechtendaliana Rchb. f., Linnaea 22:861. 1849; Seidenfaden, Dansk Bot. Ark. 32(2):26. 1978; Chauhan in Pathak et al. (Ed.), Orch. Sci. & Com. 91. 2001. Goodyera secundiflora auct. non Griffith: Hook. f., Fl. Brit. India 6:113. 1890; King & Pantling, Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Calcutta 8: 288. T. 376. 1898; Pradhan, Ind. Orch. Guide to Ident. Cult. 1: 110. 1976. Watt collected this species from Manipur in 1882 (Watt 5889, K). Habenaria Willd. A large pantropical genus of about 600-800 species of terrestrial orchids characterized by underground tuberoids, a leafy shoot and a terminal inflorescence of variously coloured, spurred or rarely non-spurred flowers. Seventy two species and one variety are known from India. Seven species are reported from Manipur. 1a. Sidelobes of lip deeply laciniate....................... ........................................................ H. trichosantha 1b. Sidelobes when present not laciniate, sometime toothed …………………......................…………2 2a. Leaves radical and adpressed to ground ……………..................………….....H. reniformis 1. Habenaria acuifera Wallich ex Lindl., Gen. Sp. Orch. 325. 1835; Hook. f., Fl. Brit. India 6:146 (excl. syn. H. linguella).1890; Mukerjee, Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 21(3):152. 1953; Deb, Bull. Bot. Surv. India 3(2):127. 1961; Seidenfaden, Dansk Bot. Ark. 31(3):106.1977; Chauhan in Pathak et al. (Ed.), Orch. Sci. & Com. 91. 2001. Mukerjee first reported this species from Manipur. 2. Habenaria arietina Hook. f., Fl. Brit. India 6:138.1890; Mukerjee, Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 21(3):152. 1953; Deb, Bull. Bot. Surv. India 3(2):127.1961; Chauhan in Pathak et al. (Ed.), Orch. Sci. & Com. 91. 2001. Mukerjee first collected this species from Ukhrul. 3. Habenaria dentata (Sw.) Schltr., Fed. Repert. Beih. 4:125. 1919; Mukerjee, Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 21(3):152. 1953; Deb, Bull. Bot. Surv. India 3(2):127. 1961; Seidenfaden, Dansk Bot. Ark. 31(3): 98.1977; Chauhan in Pathak et al. (Ed.), Orch. Sci. & Com. 91. 2001. Orchis dentata Sw., Vet. Akad. Nya Handl. 21:207. 1800. Habenaria geniculata D. Don, Prodr. Fl. Nepal. 25. 1825; Clarke, J. Linn. Soc. 25: 74.1889; Hook. f., Fl. Brit. India 6:138. 1890; King & Pantling, Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Calcutta 8:309. Pl. 405. 1898. This is said to be a common species in Manipur at 1500-1800 m. 4. Habenaria pelorioides Parish & Rchb. f., Trans. Linn. Soc. 30:135 & 139. T. 27, Fig. 1, 1-3.1874; Hook. f., Fl. Brit. India 6:166. 1890. H. malintana auct. non (Blanco)Merrill: Mukerjee, Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 21(3):153. 1953; Deb, Bull. Bot. Surv. India 3(2):127.1953; Chauhan in Pathak et al. (Ed.), Orch. Sci. & Com. 91. 2001. C. Sathish Kumar & P. C. Suresh Kumar Mukerjee reported this species from Ukhrul and Sirohi in Manipur. We feel Parish & Rchb. f.’s species is different from H. dentata (Blanco) Merrill to which it was sunken. 5. Habenaria mandersii Collett & Hemsley, J. Linn. Soc.28:133. 1890; Hook. f., Fl. Brit. India 6:146. 1890; Seidenfaden, Dansk Bot. Ark. 31(3): 126.1977; Chauhan in Pathak et al. (Ed.), Orch. Sci. & Com. 91. 2001. 6. Habenaria reniformis (D. Don)Hook. f., Fl. Brit. India 6:152.1890; Mukerjee, Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 21(3):153. 1953; Deb, Bull. Bot. Surv. India 3(2):128. 1961; Seidenfaden, Dansk Bot. Ark. 31(3):132.1977; Chauhan in Pathak et al. (Ed.), Orch. Sci. & Com. 91. 2001. Listera reniformis D. Don, Prodr. Fl. Nepal. 28. 1825. Mukerjee reported this species from Sungshung at 1500 m. 7. Habenaria trichosantha Lindl., Gen. Sp. Orch. 324.1835; Hook. f., Fl. Brit. India6:138. 1890; Deb, Bull. Bot. Surv. India 3(2):128. 1961; Seidenfaden, Dansk Bot. Ark. 31(3):86.1977; Chauhan in Pathak et al. (Ed.), Orch. Sci. & Com. 91. 2001. Deb reported this species from Manipur. Note: We visited Manipur during March-April much ahead of flowering of Habnaria spp. And hence we could not collect any species. Herminium R. Br. A terrestrial genus of about 40-50 species found in the high latitudes of Asia. About fifteen species are known from India. Only one species has been recorded from Manipur. Herminium lanceum (Thunb. ex Sw.)Vujik, Blumea 11(1):228. 1961; Seidenfaden, Dansk Bot. Ark. 31(3):20. 1977; Chauhan in Pathak et al. (Ed.), Orch. Sci. & Com. 91. 2001. Ophrys lancea Thunb. ex Sw., Kgl. Akad. Vet. Nya Handl. 21:223. 1800. Aceras angustifolia Lindl., Bot. Reg. sub T 1525. 1832. Herminium angustifolium (Lindl.)Benth. Hook. f., Gen. Pl. 3:622.1880; Hook. f., Fl. Brit. India6:129. 1890; King & Pantling, Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Calcutta 8: 332. Pl. 434.1898; Mukerjee, Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 21(3):153. 1953; Deb, Bull. Bot. Surv. India 3(2):128.1961. Mukerjee reported this species from Sirohee at 2000 m. Holcoglossum Schltr. An Indo-Southeast Asian genus of eight epiphytic species characterized by short footless column with 43 prominent wings. Only one species occurs in India which is also found in Manipur. Holcoglossum amesianum (Rchb. f.) Christ., Not. Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 44(2):255. 1987; Seidenfaden, Opera Bot 95:308. 1988. Vanda amesiana Rchb. f., Gard. Chron. 1:764.1887; Hook. f., Bot. Mag. 116:T. 7139.1890; Devi & Ghatak, Proc. 5th ASEAN Orch. Cong. Sing. 76. 1984; Chauhan in Pathak et al. (Ed.), Orch. Sci. & Com. 95. 2001. This species was reported by Devi and Ghatak from Churachandpur at 831 m. Hygrochilus Pfitzer A monotypic genus found in mainland Asia from India, Burma, Thailand to Indo-China and China characterized by the elongate and arcuate column, movable hinged lip and two pollen masses each completely divided in more or less unequal semiglobular free halves. It is represented by Hygrochilus parishii, long known under the name Vanda parishii and has been recorded from Manipur and Mizoram. Hygrochilus parishii (Veitch & Rchb. f.)Pfitz., Nat. Pflanzenfam. II.6.Nachtr. I: 112.1897; Garay, Bot. Mus. Leafl. Harv. Univ. 23(10): 374.1974; Pradhan, Ind. Orch. Guide to Iden. Cult. 498. 1979 & Ind. Orch. J. 2(1):8. 1987; Seidenfaden, Opera Bot. 95:138. 1988. Vanda parishii Veitch & Rchb. f., Gard.Chron.180.1867; Hook. f., Fl. Brit. India 6:51.1890; Mukerjee, Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 21(3):154. 1953; Deb, Bull. Bot. Surv. India 3(2):129.1961; Chauhan in Pathak et al. (Ed.), Orch. Sci. & Com. 91. 2001. Fig. 12c Mukerjee recorded this species from Kachai at 1080 m. Specimens Examined: INDIA, Manipur: Khongampatt C. Sathish Kumar s. n. (TBGT!); Kachai Mukerjee 2946 (CAL!). Kingidium P. F. Hunt A small Indo-Malesian genus of about 10 species of epiphytic orchids with short stem, flat and broad leaves but attractive pink to white or yellowish flowers. Christenson (2001) prefers to keep this genus under Phalaenopsis. Seidenfaden (1988) and Garay accept this as a natural genus. Five species are known from India. One species occurs in Manipur. Kingidium taeniale (Lindl.)Hunt, Kew Bull. 24:98. 1970; Pradhan, Ind. Orch. Guide to Iden. Cult.2:550. 1979; Seidenfaden, Opera Bot. 95:185. 1988: Aerides taeniale Lindl., Gen. Sp. Orch. 239. 1833. Doritis taenialis (Lindl.)Hook. f., Fl. Brit. India 6:31. 1890; King & Pantling, Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Calcutta 8: 199. Pl. 266. 1898. 44 An Orchid Digest of Manipur Liparis L. C. Rich. A pantropical genus of about 250 species of both terrestrial and epiphytic orchids having pseudobulbs or rhizomes with plicate or fleshy leaves and a terminal raceme of cream to pink flowers. Forty five species are known from India. Eight species have been recorded from Manipur. 3. Liparis cespitosa (Lam.) Lindl., Bot. Reg. 11:sub t. 882. 1825; Seidenfaden, Dansk Bot. Ark. 31(1):61. 1976. Epidendrum cespitosum Lam., Encycl. 1:187. 1783. Liparis prainii Hook. f., Icon. Pl. ser. 3(19): t. 1857A. 1889. L. duthiei Hook. f., Icon. Pl. ser. 3(19): t.1857B. 1889. Fig. 13 Our sketches were commented on by Ormerod as matching with this species. Though nearer to L. fargesii Finet on account of its pseudobulb characters lip and other floral characters are exact match for L. cespitosa as proved by Ormerod. 1a. Plants terrestrial; leaves non jointed, ovate to lanceolate-ovate ………...........……...L. paradoxa 1b. Plants epiphytic; leaves jointed ………..…….. 2 2a. Pseudobulbs 1-leaved ……………..…………. 3 2b. Pseudobulbs 2 or more leaved …………………4 3a. Sepals 1 veined……………………. L. cespitosa 3b. Sepals 3 or more veined ………...L. bootanensis 4a. Lip truncate to emarginate ………...L. bistriata 4b. Lip orbicular…………………………………......5 4. Liparis distans C. B. Clarke, Journ. Linn. Soc. 25:71. T. 29.1889; Hook. f., Fl. Brit. India 5:704.1890; Mukerjee, Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 21(3):153. 1953; Deb, Bull. Bot. Surv. India 3(2):128. 1961; Seidenfaden, Dansk Bot. Ark. 31(1):76.1976; Chauhan in Pathak et al. (Ed.), Orch. Sci. & Com. 92. 2001. 5a. Dorsal sepal 9-12 mm long …………………… 6 Clarke’s type specimen was from Kohima, Nagaland. 5b. Dorsal sepal less than 8 mm …………………...7 6a. Flowers yellowish brown; lip margin erose……………......…………………. L. distans Specimens Examined: INDIA, Manipur: Ukhrul S K Mukerjee 3540 (CAL!). 6b. Flowers green; lip margin dentate..................... …………………………………… L. plantaginea 7a. Column wing with a long downward turned subulate tooth ……...........………. L. resupinata 7b. Column wing without any tooth..L. viridiflora 1. Liparis bistriata Parish & Rchb. f., Trans. Linn.Soc.30:155.1874; Hook. f.5:702. 1888 & Ic. Pl. T. 1858. 1889; King & Pantling, Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Calcutta 8:30. T. 39.1898; Mukerjee, Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 21(3):153. 1953; Deb, Bull. Bot. Surv. India 3(2):128. 1961; Seidenfaden, Dansk Bot. Ark. 31(1):73.1976; Chauhan in Pathak et al. (Ed.), Orch. Sci. & Com. 92. 2001. Parish’s type specimen was collected from Moulmein, Myanmar. Specimens Examined: INDIA, Manipur: Ukhrul Dr S K Mukerjee 2881(CAL!); Maohing Deb 995(CAL!). 2. Liparis bootanensis Griffith, Itin. Not. 98. 1848 (descri. & Not. 3:278. 1851(name); Hook. f., Fl. Brit. India 5:700. 1890; King & Pantling, Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Calcutta 8: 30. Pl. 40. 1898; Seidenfaden, Dansk Bot. Ark. 31(1): 50.1976; Chauhan in Pathak et al. (Ed.), Orch. Sci. & Com. 92. 2001. Griffith’s type originated in Bhutan. Specimens Examined: INDIA, Manipur: Tupul 03.06.1996 C. Sathish Kumar 28744 (TBGT!) 5. Liparis paradoxa (Lindl.)Rchb. f., Walp. Ann. 6:218.1861; Hook. f., Fl. Brit. India 5:697. 1890; King & Pantling, Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Calcutta 8: 27. Pl. 34.1898; Mukerjee, Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 21(3):153. 1953; Deb, Bull. Bot. Surv. India 3(2):128. 1961; Seidenfaden, Dansk Bot. Ark. 31(1):38.1976; Chauhan in Pathak et al. (Ed.), Orch. Sci. & Com. 92. 2001. Empusa paradoxa Lindl., Bot. Reg. 10, sub T. 825. 1824.. f., Fl. Brit. India 6:182. 1890. Liparis paradoxa var. parishii Hook. f., Fl. Brit. India 5: 698. 1890. Liparis parishii (Hook. f.) Hook Mukerjee reported this species from Ukhrul and Limboi at 2000 m and 1500 m. respectively. Specimens Examined: INDIA, Manipur: Ukhrul S K Mukerjee 3258 (CAL!); Lomboi S K Mukerjee 3386 (CAL!). 6. Liparis plantaginea Lindl., Gen. Sp. Orch. 29.1830; Hook. f., Fl. Brit. India 5: 702. 1890; King & Pantling, Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Calcutta 8: 29. Pl. 36. 1898; Seidenfaden, Dansk Bot. Ark. 31(1): 75.1976; Chauhan in Pathak et al. (Ed.), Orch. Sci. & Com. 92. 2001. This species was based on Wallich drawing available at Kew. We haven’t seen any specimens and it is included on the authority of Chauhan. 7. Liparis resupinata Ridley, Journ. Linn. Soc. 22:290.1886; Hook. f., Ic. Pl. T.1888.1889 & Fl. Brit. India 5: 705 & 6: 183. 1890; King & Pantling, Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Calcutta 8: 36. Pl. 48. 1898; C. Sathish Kumar & P. C. Suresh Kumar Seidenfaden, Dansk Bot. Ark. 31(1): 88.1976; Chauhan in Pathak et al. (Ed.), Orch. Sci. & Com. 92. 2001. Ridley’s type was from Meghalaya. 8. Liparis viridiflora (Blume) Lindl., Gen. Sp. Orch. 31.1830, p. p.; Hook. f., Fl. Brit. India 5:704, p. p. 1890; Seidenfaden, Dansk Bot. Ark. 31(1):82.1976; Chauhan in Pathak et al. (Ed.), Orch. Sci. & Com. 92. 2001. Malaxis veiridiflora Blume, Bijdr. 392. 1825. Liparis longipes Lindl. in Wallich, Pl. As. Rar. 1:31. T. 35.1830; 2 mm 2 mm b c d 2 mm 2 mm f e 2 cm 45 2 mm a g Figure 13. Liparis cespitosa (Lam.) Lindl. - a. Habit; b. Flower; c. Floral bract; d. Dorsal sepal; e. Petal; f. Lateral sepal; g. Lip (after CSK 28744). 46 An Orchid Digest of Manipur Clarke, J. Linn. Soc. 25:71. 1889; Hook. f., Fl. Brit. India 5: 703. 1890; King & Pantling, Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Calcutta 8: 29. Pl. 37. 1898. L. spathulata Lindl., Bot. Reg. 28: misc. 189.1842; Clarke, J. Linn. Soc. 25:71. 1889. Blume’s type was collected from Krakatau, Java. Specimens Examined: INDIA, Manipur: George Watt s. n. (CAL!); Barak C. B. Clarke 42262 (CAL!); Irong A. Meebold 6482(CAL!). At CAL there is another Liparis sp. from Manipur collected by S.K. Mukerjee without flower. It is a large plant almost filling the herbarium sheet. Luisia Gaudichaud-Beaupré An Indo-Malesian genus of about 40 species of epiphytic orchids characterized by short stems, terete leaves and a short fascicle of very attractive flowers. Sixteen species are known from India. Two species occur in Manipur. 1a. Epichile of lip glossy .............................. L. jonesii 1b. Epichile of lip rugose ……..…….. L. antennifera 1. Luisia antennifera Blume, Rumphia 4:50. 1849, nom. nud.; Mus. Bot. Lugd. 1:61. 1849; Hook. f., Fl. Brit. India 6: 25.1890; Seidenfaden, Dansk Bot. Ark. 27(2): 70.1971; Ghatak & Devi in Vij (Ed.), Biol. Cons. Cult. Orch.360. 1986; Seidenfaden, Opera Bot. 95:277. 1988. Ghatak and Devi reported it as a new record for India from Khudengthabi at 1340 m. We have not seen any specimen. 2. Luisia jonesii J. J. Smith, Blumea 5:311. 1943; Seidenfaden, Dansk Bot. Ark. 27(2): 27.1971; Ghatak & Devi in Vij (Ed.) Biol. Cons. Cult. Orch. 360. 1986. Ghatak and Devi reported this from Moreh at 200 m. as a new record for India. Luisiopsis Sathish et Suresh Capt. Francis Jenkins (1793-1855) was a British Agent to the Governor General of the erstwhile British India at Gauhati in Assam. He was avid collector of plants including tea from Manipur and used to send the consignments to Wallich. One of his collections from Lower Assam flowered at Indian Botanical Garden which Wallich passed on to his artist Lutchman Singh to prepare a water colour painting. Lutchman Singh made a beautiful painting on which Wallich wrote ‘Cymbidium inconpicuum’ which was never published. While working on the Orchidaceae for Flora of British India, J. D. Hooker described it under Saccolabium with a question mark. Kuntze (1891) immediately transferred this to Gastrochilus. Later, while supplying a full description of the plant and reproducing part of Lutchman Singh’s drawing as well, J. D. Hooker (1895) confirmed his stand in Saccolabium and commented it as ‘a remarkable species, quite unlike any other’ and added ‘in the shape of the lip and especially the hemispheric hypochile it precisely accords with that of the section Calceolaria (=Gastrochilus), but it resembles no species of that group in foliage and inflorescence, and further in the perfectly smooth epichile’. King and Pantling (1898) placed it under Luisia mainly because of the gross vegetative morphology. While revising the genus Luisia, Seidenfaden (1971) felt it better placed in Gastrochilus and even proposed a superfluous new combination overlooking Kuntze’s prior name. Tsi (1996) who summarized the genus Gastrochilus preferred to treat it under Luisia. Pearce and Cribb (2002) and Misra (2004) follow Kuntze in treating it under Gastrochilus. We made a critical study on the concept of J. D. Hooker’s Saccolabium inconpicuum which was shifted between Gastrochilus and Luisia with no permanent abode, in comparison with a fresh collection from Sagol Mangu at Saikul in Manipur. The characters of Saccolabium inconspicuum such as its Luisia-like habit, two solid pollinia, lip with saccate hypochile and unornamented epichile with keeled sepals and petals keep it different from both Luisia and Gastrochilus where it was placed lately. We are convinced that it is best placed in a genus of its own. We therefore propose a new generic status for Saccolabium inconspicuum Hook. f. As it very much resembles Luisia superficially we name it Luisiopsis Sathish et Suresh evidently denoting its relationship. Luisiopsis Sathish et Suresh, gen. nov. Type: Saccolabium inconspicuum Hook. f. Etymology: Luisia= a generic name, opsis = like, in reference to the superficial similarity in vegetative morphology. Affinis Luisia et Gastrochilus e tribus Vandeae, sed differt a characteris combinatio similis Luisia in habitato, folia tereta, flos caespitosus, supra-axilaris, 6-8, succulentus, sepala carinatus, labius saccatus hypochile et epichile succulentae et non ornamentae, pollinia duo, solida. Luisiopsis Sathish & Suresh is obviously related to Luisia in gross vegetative morphology and keeled nature of sepals. The similarity ends there. The two entire pollinia and a lip divisible into a saccate C. Sathish Kumar & P. C. Suresh Kumar hypochile and an unornamented epichile are unique features which when combined with its terete leaves sufficiently demarcate this genus from the allied ones of the tribe Vandeae. The two solid pollinia of Luisiopsis are also seen in genera belonging to the 47 Series I of Dressler (1993) - Ascochilopsis, Ceratocentron, Chamaeanthus, Chroniochilus, Grosourdya, Hemnorchis, Malleola, Megalotis, Microtatorchis, Omoea, Parapteroceras, Pennilabium, Porrorachis, Saccolabium and Tuberolabium. 5 cm a 5 mm b 3 mm c 3 mm 1 mm d e Figure 14. Luisiopsis inconspicuua (Hook. f.) Sathis & Suresh. - a. Habit; b. A portion of inflorescence; c. Flower; d. Front view of column & lip; e. Pollinarium 48 An Orchid Digest of Manipur Luisiopsis inconspicuua (Hook. f.) Sathish et Suresh, comb. nov. Saccolabium? inconspicuum Hook. f., Fl. Brit. India 6:56. 1890; Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Calcutta 5(1):46. 1895. Gastrochilus inconspicuus (Hook. f.)Kuntze, Rev. Gen. Pl. 2:661. 1891; Seidenfaden, Dansk Bot. Ark. 27(4): 94.1971 (Gastrochilus inconspicuum (Hook. f.) Seidenfaden, nomen superfl.); Hynniewta et al., Orch. Nag. 189. 2000; Pearce & Cribb, Orch. Bhutan 521. 2002; Misra, Orch. Orissa 684. 2004. Luisia inconspicuua (Hook. f.) Hook. f. ex King & Pantling, Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Calcutta 8:203.t. 272.1898; Tsi, Guihaia 16(2): 151. 1996. Fig. 14 Epiphytic plants to 35 cm high. Stems to 15 cm long, terete, sometimes branching. Leaves terete, dark green, sessile, 2.5-10 x 0.1-0.2 cm. Inflorescence supra axillary tufts with short and sheathed peducle bearing 6-8 flowers. Flowers 4 mm across with greenish white sepals and petals; dorsal sepal 1.5-3 x 1- 2 mm, ovate to ovate lanceolate, acute, 1-3-veined; lateral sepals 2.75-5 x 1-2 mm, obliquely ovate, keeled at back and udulate on margin, obtuse, 1-3 veined; petals oblong to ovate-elliptic, 2-3 x 1-1.2 mm, acute, spreading and 1-veined; lip 2-3.5 x 1.5- 2 mm, firmly attached with the column base with a fleshy and cup-shaped hemispherical hypochile, green with a flash of purple on margins without sidelobes; epichile as broad as hypchile, broadly ovate, flat, without any ridges, wart or hairs, 2.2. x 1.5 mm, margin minutely hispid, obtuse or slightly 2-lobed at apex; column erect, 0.5-1.5 x 0.50.7 mm, very stout, without a foot; anther cap shortly beaked; pollinia 2, entire, subglobose on a 0.75 mm long and thin stipes; viscidium subquadrate or ovate; stigma oblong. Fruits ellipsoid capsules, 5-6 x 2 mm, shortly stalked. Flowering & Fruiting: June-October Habitat: Plains on trees. Occurrence: Manipur, Sagol Mangu, Saikul. Distribution: India, Nepal and Bhutan. Specimens Examined: INDIA, Manipur: Sagol Mangu, Saikul C. Sathish Kumar 28740 (TBGT!). Assam: s. coll. s. n. (CAL!); Burkill 37693 (CAL!). Nagaland: Koio Hynniewta 80717 (ASSAM); Wakching Hynniewta 79943 (ASSAM). Meghalaya: Prain 142 (CAL!). Arunachal Pradesh: Burkill 38216 (CAL!). Orissa: S. Misra 165, 335 (CAL!). Sikkim:Pantling 159(CAL!); Smith & Cave 820 (CAL!). West Himalaya: Inayat 24114 (CAL!) Note: While studying a specimen at CAL (Pantling 159) Tsi commented ‘This species in respect of pollinia, especially the shape of stipe and pollen mass as well as stipe longer than pollen mass, appear to resemble those of genus Gastrochilus, but its more characters, such as terete leaves, raceme strikingly shortening and thick lateral sepals at backside with a keel arising towards apex, not bifid gland adhered at backside of rostellum by its upper surface and shape of lip are uniform with those of genus Luisia, so my opinion, it should be kept in genus Luisia rather than transferring it to genus Gastrochilus’. This was followed in his revision of the genus Gastrochilus (Tsi, 1996). The new genus Luisiopsis with its combined characters such as terete leaves, supra-axillary tufts of greenish white flowers, footless column, saccate hypochile, smooth epichile with hispid margin and inconspicuously two lobed apex and two solid and entire pollinia can be placed in subtribe Vandinae of tribe Vandeae Lindl., subfamily Vandoideae Endl. (Szlachetko, 2003) along with Luisia, Ascolabium, Papilionanthe etc. Myrmechis Blume An Indo-East Asio-Malesian genus of 15 species (Ormerod, 1998b) of terrestrial orchids characterized by slightly nodose stems, a few scattered leaves and a terminal pubescent raceme of 1-2 flowers and a lip having a long claw. Only one species, M. pumila (Hook. f.)Tang & Wang, is known from India, recorded from Manipur and Sikkim. Myrmechis pumila (Hook. f.) Tang & Wang, Act. Phytotax. Peking 1(1): 69. 1951; Seidenfaden, Dansk Bot. Ark. 32(2): 76.1978; Chauhan in Pathak et al. (Ed.), Orch. Sci. & Com. 92. 2001.Odontochilus pumilus Hook. f., Fl. Brit. India 6: 99. 1890; Ic. Pl. T. 2163.1894; Mukerjee, Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 21(3):153. 1953; Deb, Bull. Bot. Surv. India 3(2): 128. 1961. Cheirostylis franchetiana King & Pantl., J. As. Soc. Bengal 64(3):341. 1895. Zeuxine pumila (Hook. f.)King & Pantl.) King & Pantl., Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Calcutta 8:292. Pl. 398.1898; Pradhan, Ind. Orch. Guide to Iden. Cult. 1:117. 1976. Anoectochilus pumilus “King & Pantl” auct.: W. W. Smith & Cave, Rec. Bot. Surv. India 4: 243. 1911. Specimens Examined: INDIA, Manipur: Sirohee Capt. Kingdon-Ward 3267 (CAL!). Neogyna Reichenbach f. A monotypic epiphytic genus found in Asian mainland from India to Indo-China through Nepal, Bhutan, Burma, Thailand and China characterized by sidelobes folded around the column and the sepals saccate base. This species has been recorded C. Sathish Kumar & P. C. Suresh Kumar from many northeastern states of India including Manipur. Neogyna gardneriana (Lindl.) Rchb. f., Bot. Zeit 10:931. 1852; Pradhan, Ind. Orch. Guide to Iden. Cult. 282. 1979; Seidenfaden in Opera Bot. 89:76. 1986; Chauhan in Pathak et al. (Ed.), Orch. Sci. & Com. 92. 2001. Coelogyne gardneriana Lindl. in Wallich, Pl. As. Rar. 1:33. T. 38.1830; Hook. f., Fl. Brit. India 5:828 & 6:193. 1890. Specimens Examined: INDIA, Manipur: Kupra George Watt 5871 (CAL!). Neottianthe (Reichenbach. f.) Schlechter This is a temperate Eurasian genus of 11 species of terrestrial orchids with 2 species extending into the Himalayas. Only one species is believed to occur in Manipur. Neottianthe secundiflora (Hook. f.) Schltr., Fed. Repert. 16:291. 1919; Chauhan in Pathak et al. (Ed.), Orch. Sci. & Com. 92. 2001. 49. Nephelaphyllum Blume An Indo-Malesian genus of 18 species (Seidenfaden & Wood, 1992) of terrestrial orchids characterized by creeping rhizome, slender pseudobulbs bearing beautifully patterned leaves and dense or lax raceme of creamy yellow flowers. Three species with a variety are known to occur in India. One species is found in Manipur. Nephelaphyllum pulchrum Blume, Bijdr.373. t. 36. Fig. 22.1825; Hook. f., Fl. Brit. India 5:818. 1890; King & Pantling, Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Calcutta 8:105. T. 145 (var. sikkimense). 1898; Pradhan, Ind. Orch. Guide to Iden. Cult. 244. 1979; Seidenfaden, Opera Bot. 89:22. 1986. Meebold collected this species from Nasun Naga Hills at 4000’ quite close to Manipur on Dec. 1907 (A Meebold 7636, CAL!) in fruits. It is likely to occur in Manipur. Nervilia Commerson ex Gaudichaud-Beaupre An Old World genus of about 100 species of terrestrial orchids characterized by underground tubers, appearance of leaves and flowers at different seasons, cordate reniform leaves and long erect inflorescence of 1, 2 or many differently coloured flowers. Sixteen species are known from India. Four species occur in Manipur: 49 1a. Inflorescence bearing a single flower ….……. 2 1b. Inflorescence bearing more than a single flower ……………………….......................…………… 3 2a. Midlobe of lip with entire edges …… N. falcata 2b. Midlobe of lip fimbriately incised and plaited crispy …………...............….…….. N. crociformis 3a. Leaves green throughout with coarse hairs on both sides; flowers always 2 …..…..…. N. plicata 3b. Leaves green above, pink below, glabrous on both sides; flowers 3-20 .....…...….. N. aragoana 1. Nervilia aragoana Gaudich. in Freycinet, Voy. Bot. 422. T. 35. 1829; Pradhan, Ind. Orch. Guide to Ident. Cult. 1:146. 1976; Seidenfaden, Dansk Bot. Ark. 32(2): 164. 1978. Pogonia scottii Rchb. f., Flora 55, 18:276.1872; Hook. f., Fl. Brit. India 6: 120.1890 & Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Calcutta 5: 62. T. 93. 1895; King & Pantling, Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Calcutta 8: 269. T. 360. 1898. Nervilia scottii (Rchb. f.)Schltr., Engl. Bot. Jahrb. 45:404. 1911; Chauhan in Pathak et al. (Ed.), Orch. Sci. & Com. 92. 2001. This is a widespread species throughout IndoMalesia. 2. Nervilia crociformis (Zoll. & Mor.) Seidenf., Dansk Bot. Ark. 32(2):151. Fig. 92.1978; Petterson, Nord. J. Bot. 9: 494. 1998. Bulborchis crociformis Zoll. & Mor. in Morintzi, Syst. Vez. Pl. Zoll. 89. Pogonia prainiana King & Pantl., Journ. As. Soc. Bengal 65:129. 1896; King & Pantling, Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Calcutta 8: 267. T. 355. 1898. Nervilia prainiana (King & Pantl.)Seidenf., Dansk Bot. Ark. 32(2):149. 1978. Nervilia crispata auct. non (Blume) Schltr.:Deb, Bull. Bot. Surv. India 3(2):128. 1961. Deb once found this species ‘very common all over the hills of territory at 900-2500 m’. 3. Nervilia falcata (King & Pantl.) Schltr. in Engl. Jahrb. 45:402. 1911; Chauhan in Pathak et al. (Ed.), Orch. Sci. & Com. 92. 2001. Pogonia falcata King & Pantling, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal 64(2):129. 1896. King & Pantling described their novelty based on latter’s collection from Western Dooar of Bhutan, east of the Jaldacca River. Leaf was unknown to the authors. This species is included here on the authority of Chauhan. 4. Nervilia plicata (Andr.)Schltr., Engl. Bot. Jahrb. 45:403. 1911; Pradhan, Ind. Orch. Guide to Ident. Cult. 1:147. 1976; Seidenfaden, Dansk Bot. Ark. 32(2):156.1978; Chauhan in Pathak et al. (Ed.), Orch. Sci. & Com. 92. 2001. Arethusa plicata Andr., Bot. Rep. 50 An Orchid Digest of Manipur 5: T. 321. 1803. Pogonia plicata (Andr.)Lindl., Gen. Sp. Orch. 415.1840; Hook. f., Fl. Brit. India 6:119. 1890; King & Pantling, Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Calcutta 8: 268. T. 358. This is again a widespread species distributed throughout Indo-Malesia. Oberonia Lindley A palaeotropical genus of about 300 epiphytic species with uniform habit and a pendulous spike or raceme of small and unattractive flowers. Fifty two species are known from India. Ten species occur in Manipur: (Ed.), Orch. Sci. & Com. 92. 2001. O. myriantha Lindl., Fol. Orch. Oberonia No. 23.1859; Hook. f., Fl. Brit. India 5: 679. 1890; King & Pantling, Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Calcutta 8: 10. T. 12. 1898; Seidenfaden, Dansk Bot. Ark. 25(3): 56. Fig. 34. 1968. Meebold collected this species from Kappu at 7000’ in Nov. 1907 (A. Meebold 6651, CAL!). Seidenfaden (1968:56) cites the same number available at E and K. 2. Oberonia bicornis Lindl., Gen. Sp. Orch. 16. 1830; Seidenfaden, Dansk Bot. Ark. 25(3): 85.1968; Chauhan in Pathak et al. (Ed.), Orch. Sci. & Com. 92. 2001. Malaxis bicornis (Lindl.)Hook. f., Fl. Brit. India 5:682. 1888. 1a. Leaves jointed ………………………………….2 1b. Leaves not jointed…………………………........8 2a. Leaves laterally compressed ……………….... 3 2b. Leaves terete or subterete ………. O. myosurus 3. Oberonia clarkei Hook. f., Ic. Pl. T. 1779. 1888 & Fl. Brit. India 5: 76. 1890; Seidenfaden, Dansk Bot. Ark. 25(3): 107.1968; Chauhan in Pathak et al. (Ed.), Orch. Sci. & Com. 107. 2001. 3a. Flowers sessile, sunken in pits on a fleshy rachis ……………………………...................………….4 Clarke’s type was collected from Shillong in Meghalaya. Chauhan included it from Manipur. 3b. Flowers pedicellate, not sunken in pits. Rachis not fleshy …………...............………………….. 5 4a. Leaves very long (15-40 cm); lip truncate at apex………………...........………….. O. maxima 4b. Leaves less than 15 cm long; lip triangular at apex ……….............……………. O. pachyrachis 5a. Midlobe with lateral calli in the middle................ …………..........................................O. ensiformis 4. Oberonia ensiformis (J. E.Sm.) Lindl., Fol. Orch. Oberonia No. 21.1859; Hook. f., Fl. Brit. India 5: 679. 1890; King & Pantling, Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Calcutta 8: 8. Pl. 9. 1898; Seidenfaden, Dansk Bot. Ark. 25(3): 53. Fig.32. 1968 & Dansk Bot. Ark. 33(1):13.1978; Chauhan in Pathak et al. (Ed.), Orch. Sci. & Com. 93. 2001. Malaxis ensiformis J. E. Sm. in Rees Cyclop. 22(1):14. 1812. 5b. Midlobe without calli …………………..............6 6a. Sidelobes of lip fringed …………O. mucronata 6b. Sidelobes of lip not fringed ……………...…… 7 7a. Lip very much broadening from the middle with midlobe split in to two nearly circular lobules …………….………………… O. acaulis 7b. Lip not very broadening from the middle ………………........…………………O. pyrulifera 8a. Sidelobes of lip raised above like vertical horns ……............................................……. O. bicornis 8b. Sidelobes of lip not raised above like vertical horns ………………….............…………………9 9a. Sidelobes of lip laciniate ……………...O. clarkei 9b. Sidelobes of lip rounded to slightly erose ………………….......…………O. longibracteata 1. Oberonia acaulis Griffith, Itin. Not. 76. Pl. I. 1848 & Not. 3:275 & Ic. T. 286. Fig.1. 1851; Seidenfaden, Dansk Bot. Ark. 32(2):20; Chauhan in Pathak et al. 5. Oberonia longibracteata Lindl., Gen. Sp. Orch. 15. 1830; Hook. f., Fl. Brit. India5:678. 1890; Seidenfaden, Dansk Bot. Ark. 25(3):83. Fig.52. 1968 & Dansk Bot. Ark. 33(1):39.1978; Chauhan in Pathak et al. (Ed.), Orch. Sci. & Com. 93. 2001. 6. Oberonia maxima Parish ex Hook. f., Fl. Brit. India 5:677. 1888; Deb, Bull. Bot. Surv. India 3(2):128. 1961; Seidenfaden, Dansk Bot. Ark. 25(3):21. 1968 & Dansk Bot. Ark. 33(1): 13. 1978; Deori & Hajra, Bull. Bot. Surv. India 17(1-4):170.1978; Chauhan in Pathak et al. (Ed.), Orch. Sci. & Com. 93. 2001. Fig. 15 Epiphytic herbs. Leaves jointed, 22.5 x 2.5 cm, sword shaped, laterally compressed, acute at apex. Inflorescence arising from the middle, scape winged, stout, 17.5 cm long. Flowers numerous, sessile, greenish, closely adpressed to the rachis, 3 mm long; opening of flowers basipetal, sepals and petals imbricate , reflexed;floral bract oblong, 3 x 2 mm, longer than the ovary + pedicel, margin erose, apex reflexed, gland dotted; dorsal sepal 1.25 x 1 mm, ovate, gland dotted, entire on margin and rounded at apex; lateral sepals1.25 x 1 mm, ovate, glanddotted, acute at apex; petal 1.25 x 0.75 mm, narrowly C. Sathish Kumar & P. C. Suresh Kumar ovate, obtuse and wavy at apex; lip orbicular, 1.5 x 2 mm, broader than long, wavy at margins, glanddotted, 3-veined with a depression at base; pollinia 2. Fruits not seen. 1 mm 1 mm 1 mm c f d e 51 by an entire and heart shaped lip which is greenish yellow in colour. This is a giant sized species. 7. Oberonia mucronata (D. Don) Ormerod & Seidenfaden, Contr. Orch. Fl. Thailand XIII: 20.1997. Stelis mucronata D. Don, Prod. Fl. Nepal.32.1825. Cymbidium iridifolium Roxb., Fl. Ind. 3:458. 1832. Oberonia iridifolia (Roxb.)Lindl., Gen Sp. Orch. 15. 1830. p. p.; Hook. f., Fl. Brit. India 5: 675. 1890; Seidenfaden, Dansk Bot. Ark. 25(3): 42. 1968 & Dansk Bot. Ark. 33(1): 16. 1978. Oberonia denticulata Wight, Ic. Pl. Ind. Or. 5(1):3. t. 1625.1851; Chauhan in Pathak et al. (Ed.), Orch. Sci. & Com. 92. 2001. Till recently, this species was known under the name O. iridifolia. b g 8. Oberonia myosurus Lindl., Gen. Sp. Orch. 16. 1830 p. p.; Hook. f., Ic. Pl. T. 1786B. 1888 & Fl. Brit. India 5: 685. 1890; Seidenfaden, Dansk Bot. Ark. 25(3): 14. Fig. 1. 1968 & Dansk Bot. Ark. 33(1):10.1978; Chauhan in Pathak et al. (Ed.), Orch. Sci. & Com. 93. 2001. 9. Oberonia pachyrachis Rchb. f. ex Hook. f., Fl. Brit. India 5:681. 1890; King & Pantling, Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Calcutta 8: 4. Pl. 3. 1898; Seidenfaden, Dansk Bot. Ark. 25(3): 19. Fig.5. 1968 & Dansk Bot. Ark. 33(1): 11. 1978. 5 cm a Figure 15. Oberonia maxima Parish ex Hook. f. - a. Habit; b. Flower; c. Floral bract; d. Dorsal sepal; e. Lateral sepal; f. Petal; g. Lip Flowering: July-August. Habitat: Evergreen forests at 700 m. Occurrence: India: Manipur, Kasom Khullen Distribution: India, Myanmar and Thailand. Specimens Examined: INDIA, Manipur: Kason Khullen, flowered under cultivation on 26 August 1996, C. Sathish Kumar 28750 (TBGT!); Maoking D. B. Deb 994 (CAL! No flower left). Note: The type was a Parish collection (287 K) from Moulmein, Myanmar. This species is characterized 10. Oberonia pyrulifera Lindl., Fol. Orch. Oberonia 3.1859; Hook. f., Fl. Brit. India 5: 678. 1890; King & Pantling, Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Calcutta 8::14. Pl.16B.1898; Mukerjee, Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 21(3):153. 1953; Deb, Bull. Bot. Surv. India 3(2):128. 1961; Seidenfaden, Dansk Bot. Ark. 25(3): 38. 1968 & Dansk Bot. Ark. 33(1):23.1978; Chauhan in Pathak et al. (Ed.), Orch. Sci. & Com. 93. 2001. Watt collected this species from East Manipur (George Watt 6438, CAL!). Mukerjee found it in Zolloi at 1700m. on 15 May 1848 (Dr S K Mukerjee 2880, CAL!). Odontochilus Blume An Indo-Malesian genus of about 20 species of terrestrial orchids most closely related to Anoectochilus to which it has been sunken until Ormerod came up with distinguishing combination of characters such as nodose and leafy stem, a terminal raceme of small flowers with prominently pectinate flange on the claw of lip which has a small saccate hypochile and a normally bilobed epichile. About six species are found in India with one reported from Manipur. Odontochilus grandiflorus Benth. & Hook. f. ex Hook. f., Fl. Brit. India 6:100.1890; Anoectochilus grandiflorus Lindl., J. Proc. Linn. Soc. Bot. 1:179. 1857; King & Pantling, Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Calcutta 8:296. 52 An Orchid Digest of Manipur Pl. 393.1898; Chauhan in Pathak et al. (Ed.), Orch. Sci. & Com. 85. 2001. Originally reported from Sikkim and Meghalaya, this was later found to occur in Manipur, Arunachal Pradesh and Mizoram. Ornithochilus (Lindley) Bentham An Indo-Malesian genus of three epiphytic species characterized by short stem, large fleshy leaves and many flowered branching inflorescence. Only one species has been recorded from India including Manipur. Ornithochilus difformis (Wallich ex Lindl.)Schltr., Fed. Repert. Beih. 4:277. 1919; Seidenfaden, Opera Bot. 95: 43.1988; Chauhan in Pathak et al. (Ed.), Orch. Sci. & Com. 93. 2001. Aerides difforme Wallich ex Lindl., Gen. Sp. Orch. 242. 1833. Ornithochilus fuscus Wallich ex Lindl., Gen. Sp. Orch. 242. 1833. in syn; Hook. f., Fl. Brit. India 6:76. 1890; King & Pantling, Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Calcutta 8: 200.Pl. 268.1898; Pradhan, Ind. Orch. Guide to Iden. Cult. 551. 1979. Otochilus Lindley A small genus of five epiphytic species (Seidenfaden, 1976) distributed from India to Indo-China and characterized by articulate stem, 2 leaved nodes and a subterminal raceme of small white to creamy yellow flowers. Four species are known from India. Three species are found in Manipur. Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Calcutta 8: 143. Pl. 199.1898; Seidenfaden, Bot. Tidsskr. 71(1-2): 9. Fig. 8. 1976; Pradhan, Ind. Orch. Guide to Iden. Cult. 287. 1979; Devi & Ghatak, Proc. 5th ASEAN Orch. Congr.76. 1984; Seidenfaden, Opera Bot. 89:90.1986; Chauhan in Pathak et al. (Ed.), Orch. Sci. & Com. 93. 2001. Watt collected this species from Manipur (Watt 6482, K). Devi and Ghatak reported it from Phedinga at 700 m. 3. Otochilus porrectus Lindl., Gen. Sp. Orch. 36.1830; Hook. f., Fl. Brit. India 5:844.1890; Seidenfaden, Bot. Tidsskr. 71(1-2): 10.Fig. 10.1976; Pradhan, Ind. Orch. Guide to Iden. Cult. 287. p. p. 1979; Devi & Ghatak, Proc. 5th ASEAN Orch. Cong. Sing. 75. 1984; Seidenfaden, Opera Bot. 89:91.1986; Chauhan in Pathak et al. (Ed.), Orch. Sci. & Com. 93. 2001. Devi and Ghatak reported this species from Phedinga at 700 m. Pachystoma Blume An Indo-Malesian genus of 2-5 species of terrestrial orchids with subterranean tubers, grass like leaves and a lateral raceme of greenish white to yellow to pink flowers which are more or less secundly arranged. Two species are found in India. One species occurs in Manipur. 1a. Flowers large; rostellum and operculum long beaked…………................………… O. porrectus 1b. Flowers small; rostellum and operculum not long beaked ………..........………........................ 2 Pachystoma pubescens Blume, Bijdr. 376. Pl. 29. 1825; Seidenfaden, Opera Bot. 89:54. 1986. Apaturia senilis Lindl., Gen. Sp. Orch. 130. 1831. Pachystoma senile (Lindl.)Rchb. f., Bonplandia 3:251.1855; Hook. f., Fl. Brit. India 5:815. 1890; King & Pantling, Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Calcutta 8: 101.Pl. 140.1898; Chauhan in Pathak et al. (Ed.), Orch. Sci. & Com. 93. 2001. 2a. Leaves linear-lanceolate……………....O. fuscus Panisea (Lindl.) Steudel 2b. Leaves ovate-lanceolate……...................O. albus An Indo-Indo-Chinese genus of seven epiphytic species (Lund, 1987) characterized by congested pseudobulbs with one or two duplicate and narrowly elliptic leaves and an inflorescence of one to many white or greenish yellow flowers. India is known to have three species. Two species have so far been recorded from Manipur. 1. Otochilus albus Lindl., Gen. Sp. Orch. 35.1830; Hook. f., Fl. Brit. India 5:843. 1890; King & Pantling, Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Calcutta 8: 143.Pl. 200.1898; Mukerjee, Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 21(3):153.1953; Seidenfaden, Bot. Tidsskr. 71(12):10.Fig. 9.1976; Pradhan, Ind. Orch. Guide to Iden. Cult. 288. 1979; Devi & Ghatak, Proc. 5th ASEAN Orch. Cong. Sing. 75. 1984; Seidenfaden, Opera Bot. 89:91.1986; Chauhan in Pathak et al. (Ed.), Orch. Sci. & Com. 93. 2001. Mukerjee reported this species from Ukhrul and Devi and Ghatak reported it from Pheding at 700 m. 2. Otochilus fuscus Lindl., Gen. Sp. Orch. 35.1830; Hook. f., Fl. Brit. India 5: 844. 1890; King & Pantling, 1a Flowers white; lip 2 tubercled ……. P. demissa 1b. Flowers yellow; lip with 3 calli……. P. tricallosa 1. Panisea demissa (D. Don) Pfitz. in Pfitzer & Kranzlin, Orch.-Coelog. Pflanzenr. Heft 32:141.1907; Hegde & Rao, Ind. J. For. 7(1):77. 1984; Seidenfaden, Opera Bot. 89:86.1986; Lund, Nord. J. Bot. 7(5):517.1987. Dendrobium demissum D. Don, Prodr. Fl. Nepal. 34. 1825. C. Sathish Kumar & P. C. Suresh Kumar Meebold collected this species from Phalang Naga Hills at 5-6000ft in December 1907 (A. Meebold 7091, CAL!). 2. Panisea tricallosa Rolfe, Kew Bull. 1901:148; Seidenfaden, Opera Bot. 89:86.1986; Lund, Nord. J. Bot. 7(5): 525.1987; Chauhan in Pathak et al. (Ed.), Orch. Sci. & Com. 93. 2001. Fig. 16 53 1. Paphiopedilum hirsutisssimum (Lindl. ex Hook.)Stein, Orchideenbuch 470. 1892; Pfitzer in Engler, Bot. Jarhb. 19:41. 1894 & Engler, Das Pflanzenr. IV, 50:69. 1903; Pradhan, Paph. World 2:84. 1972; Pradhan, Ind. Orch. Guide to Ident. Cult. 39. 1976; Kataki, Lady’s Slipper orch. 16. 1984; Devi & Ghatak, Proc. 5th ASEAN Orch. Cong. Sing. 75. 1984;Cribb, The Genus Paph. 138. 1987 & 220. 1998; Chauhan in Pathak et al. (Ed.), Orch. Sci. & Com. 93. 2001. Cypripedium hirsutissimum Lindl.ex Hook. in Curtis’s Bot. Mag. 83: t. 4990. 1857; Hook. f., Fl. Brit. India 6: 171. 1890. Fig. 12d Devi and Ghatak reported this from Moreh at 200 m. 2. Paphiopedilum insigne (Wallich ex Lindl.) Pfitz. in Engler & Prantl, Nat. Pflanzenfam. 2(6):84. 1889 & Engler, Das Pflanzenr. IV, 50:73. 1903; Pradhan, Ind. Orch. Guide to Ident. Cult. 36. 1976; Devi & Ghatak, Proc. 5th ASEAN Orch. Cong. Sing.75.1984; Kataki, Lady’s Slipper Orch.13. 1984; Cribb, The Genus Paph. 220. 1987 & 231.1998; Chauhan in Pathak et al. (Ed.), Orch. Sci. & Com. 93. 2001. Cypripedium insigne Wallich ex Lindl., Collect. Bot. t. 32.1821; Hook. f., Fl. Brit. India 6: 172. 1890. Fig. 20a Figure 16. Panisea tricallosa Rolfe - a. Flower showing 3 callose lip Devi and Ghatak reported this species from Khudangthabi at 1340 m. Devi and Ghatak recoreded this species from Imphal. 1a. Leaves uniformly green……………………..… 2 3. Paphiopedilum spicerianum (Rchb. f. ex Masters & T. Moore)Pfitz. in Pringsh. Jarhb. Wiss. Bot. 19:164.1888; in Engler, Pflanzenr. Orch. Pleon. 76. 1903; Pradhan 1976:38; Devi & Ghatak, Proc. 5th ASEAN Orch. Cong. Sing. 75. 1984; Kataki, Lady’s Slipper Orch. 17. 1984; Cribb, The Genus Paph. 155. 1987; 269.1998; Chauhan in Pathak et al. (Ed.), Orch. Sci. & Com. 93. 2001. Cypripedium spicerianum Rchb. f. ex Masters & T. Moore in Gard. Chron. n. s. 12:505. 1879; Hook. f., Fl. Brit. India 6:172. 1890. ]Fig. 20b 1b. Leaves mottled with dark green and grey-green …....................................................... P. venustum Devi and Ghatak reported this species from Nungba at 831 m. 2a. Dorsal sepal white with a median maroon vein …………...................……………. P. spicerianum 2b. Dorsal sepal not as above……....…………….. 3 3a. Petals half twisted near the apex, strongly undulate on basal margins......P. hirsutissimum 3a. Petals not twisted near the apex …………….. 4 4a. Petals spathulate, obtuse, undulate on upper margin in basal two-thirds...............…P. insigne 4b. Petals obovate-spathulate, retuse-emarginate, not undulate…..................…….…… P. villosum 4. Paphiopedilum venustum (Wallich ex Sims)Pfitz. in Jahrb. Wiss. Bot. 19:163. 1888; Stein, Orchideenbuch 489.1892; Pfitz. in Engler, Bot. Jahrb.19:41.1894 & in Engler, Pflanzenr. Orch. Pleon. 81. 1903; Pradhan in Orch. Dig. 38:195.1974; Pradhan in Orch. Dig. 40:92. 1976; Kataki, Lady’s Slipper Orch. 12.1984; Devi & Ghatak, Proc. 5th ASEAN Orch. Cong. Sing.75. 1984; Cribb, The Genus Paph. 211. 1987 & 392. 1998.Cypripedium venustum Wallich in Curtis’s Bot. Mag. 47:t. 2129. 1820;Hook. f., Fl. Brit. India 6:173. 1890 Paphiopedilum Pfitzer An Indo-Malesian genus of about 90 predominanatly terrestrial herbs characterized by a unique slipper shaped lip and a characteristic staminode. Some species have mottled leaves. Nine species are known from India and five species occur in Manipur. Devi and Ghatak recorded it from Imphal. 54 An Orchid Digest of Manipur 5. Paphiopedilum villosum (Lindl.) Stein, Orchideenbuch 490. 1892;Pfitz. in Engler, Bot. Jahrb. 19:41. 1894 & in Engler, Pflanzenr. Orch. Pleon. 72. 1903; Pradhan, Ind. Orch. Guide to Iden. Cult.1:37.1976; Devi & Ghatak, Proc. 5th ASEAN Orch. Cong. Sing. 75. 1984; Kataki, Lady’s Slipper Orch. 14. 1984; Cribb, The Genus Paph.150.1987 & 254. 1998. Cypripedium villosum Lindl. in Gard. Chron. 1854:135. 1854: Hook. f., Fl. Brit. India 1890:171. Devi and Ghatak recorded this species from Imphal. Papilionanthe Schlechter An Indo-Malesian genus of ten epiphytic species characterized by terete leaves, highly colourful flowers that have a long column-foot and a curious lip. India is known to have five species with two in Manipur. 1a. Flowers pinkish white with darker lip having yellow throat............................................. P. teres 1b. Flowers pure white………..………P. vandarum 1. Papilionanthe teres (Roxb.) Schltr., Orchis 9:78. Fig. 12.1915; Garay, Bot. Mus. Leafl, Harv. Univ. 23(10): 371.1974; Pradhan, Ind. Orch. Guide to Iden. Cult. 563. 1979; Seidenfaden, Opera Bot. 95:230. 1988. Dendrobium teres Roxb., Fl. Ind. 3:485. 1832. Vanda teres (Roxb.)Lindl., Gen. Sp. Orch. 217.1833; Hook. f., Fl. Brit. India6:49. 1890; King & Pantling, Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Calcutta 8: 214. Pl. 285.1898; Chauhan in Pathak et al. (Ed.), Orch. Sci. & Com. 93. 2001. Figure 17. Papilionanthe vandarum (Rchb. f.) Garay - a. Flower (after CSK 28723). We collected this species from the Military Campus at Imphal growing on old trees. 1a. Flowers small with sepals about 2 cm or less ………………………...................…….. P. henryi Specimens Examined: INDIA, Manipur: Imphal C. Sathish Kumar s.n. (TBGT!). 1b. Flowers large with sepals about 3 cm or more……………...……..…........……P. susannae 2. Papilionanthe vandarum (Rchb. f.) Garay, Bot. Mus. Leafl. Harvard Univ. 23(10):372.1974; Christenson, Amer. Orch. Soc. Bull. 63:1375. 1994; Chauhan in Pathak et al. (Ed.), Orch. Sci. & Com. 93. 2001. Aerides vandarum Rchb. f. in Gard. Chron. 997. 1867. 1. Pecteilis henryi Schltr., Fed. Repert. Beih. 4:45. 1919; Seidenfaden, Dansk Bot. Ark. 31(3):23.1977; Chauhan in Pathak et al. (Ed.), Orch. Sci. & Com. 93. 2001. We collected this species from between Kasom Khullen and Saram growing on road side trees. It is quite close to P. biswasiana but petals are broad with a narrow base, 3 lobed lip has two erect sidelobes and bilobulate midlobe, lobules are heart-shaped, disc 1 keeled and keel rounded. Specimens Examined: INDIA, Manipur: Near Saram C. Sathish Kumar 28723 (TBGT!); Sirohee S. K. Mukerjee 2779 (CAL!). Pecteilis Rafinesque An Indo-Malesian genus of 6-7 terrestrial species characterized by short stigma lobes and a variously laciniate or rarely entire lip with a long spur at base. Four species are known from India. Two are found in Manipur. 2. Pecteilis susannae (L.)Rafin. Fl. Tell. 2:38. 1837; Mukerjee, Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 21(3): 153. 1953; Deb, Bull. Bot. Surv. India 3(2):128. 1961; Seidenfaden, Dansk Bot. Ark. 31(3):22.1977; Seidenfaden & Wood, Orch. Peinins. Mal. Sing. 108. 1992. Orchis susannae L., Sp. Pl. 939. 1753. Habenaria susannae (L.)R. Br., Prodr. 312. 1810; Hook. f., Fl. Brit. India6: 137. 1890. Platanthera susannae (L.)Lindl., Gen. Sp. Orch. 295.1835 (excl. some syn.); Pradhan, Ind. Orch. Guide to Iden. Cult. 56. 1976. Mukerjee reported this species from Khayang at 2000 m. C. Sathish Kumar & P. C. Suresh Kumar Peristylus Blume An Indo-Malesian genus of some 60-70 species of ground orchids characterized by variously shaped tuberoids, ensheathed stem, fleshy leaves and aterminal inflorescence of mostly green to creamy yellow flowers. Twenty seven species and two varieties are known from India. Six species are so far reported from Manipur. 1a. Sidelobes of lip thread like, longer than midlobe …………………...................………….…………2 1b. Sidelobes of lip not thread like, shorter than midlobe ………………………............………….3 2a. Spur slender, cylindrical, acute .…….. P. densus 2b. Spur globular, slightly bifid at base ............................................................. P. tipuliferus 3a. Lip with a callus on disc………….P. lacertiferus 3b. Lip without any callus on disc …………....……4 4a. Leaves linear, grass like ……..……... P. mannii 4b. Leaves lanceolate to ovate, not grass like............5 5a. Entrance to spur wide opened, naked.... P. affinis 5b. Entrance to spur minute with a triangular nectary ………….......………… P. goodyeroides 1. Peristylus affinis (D. Don) Seidenf., Dansk Bot. Ark. 31(3):48.1977; Chauhan in Pathak et al. (Ed.), Orch. Sci. & Com. 93. 2001. Habenaria affinis D. Don, Prodr. Fl. Nepal. 25. 1825. Habenaria goodyeroides var. affinis King & Pantling, Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Calcutta 8: 327. Pl. 430. 1898. Habenaria goodyeroides auct. p. p.: Hook. f., Fl. Brit. India 6: 161. 1890. 2. Peristylus densus (Lindl.)Santapau & Kapadia, J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 57:128. 1960; Seidnfaden, Dansk Bot. Ark. 31(3):32.1977; Chauhan in Pathak et al. (Ed.), Orch. Sci. & Com. 93. 2001. Coeloglossum densum Lindl., Gen. Sp. Orch. 302. 1832. Platanthera stenostachya Lindl. ex Benth., Hooker’s J. Bot. & Kew Misc. 7:37. 1855. Habenaria stenostachya (Lindl. ex Benth.)Benth., Fl. Hongk. 362. 1861; Hook. f., Fl. Brit. India 6: 156. 1890. Peristylus stenostachyus (Lindl. ex Benth.)Krzl., Orch. Gen. Sp. 502.1901; Mukerjee, Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 21(3): 153. 1953;Deb, Bull. Bot. Surv. India 3(2):128. 1961. Mukerjee reported this species from Sirohee. 3. Peristylus goodyeroides (D. Don)Lindl., Gen. Sp. Orch. 299. 1835; Deb, Bull. Bot. Surv. India 3(2):128. 1961; Seidenfaden, Dansk Bot. Ark. 31(3):53.1977; Chauhan in Pathak et al. (Ed.), Orch. Sci. & Com. 93. 2001.Habenaria goodyeroides D. Don, Prodr. Fl. Nepal. 55 25. 1825; Hook. f., Fl. Brit. India 6:161. 1890 (excl. syn. H. grandis); King & Pantling, Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Calcutta 8: 326. Pl. 430. 1898. Deb found this species to be common in Manipur. 4. Peristylus lacertiferus (Linld.)J. J. Sm., Bull. Buitenz. 3. s. 9:23. 1927; Seidenfaden, Dansk Bot. Ark. 31(3): 58.1977; Chauhan in Pathak et al. (Ed.), Orch. Sci. & Com. 93. 2001. Coeloglossum lacertiferum Lindl., Gen. Sp. Orch. 302. 1835. Habenaria lacertifera (Lindl.)Benth., Fl. Hongk. 362. 1861; Hook. f., Fl. Brit. India 6: 163 (incl. var. robusta). 1890; Deb, Bull. Bot. Surv. India 3(2):127. 1961. J. D. Hooker studied material from Manipur for his treatment in Flora of British India. Deb collected it from Mao at 1800 m. 5. Peristylus mannii (Rchb. f.) Mukerjee, Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 21(3): 153. 1953; Seidenfaden, Dansk Bot.Ark. 21(3): 45.1977; Chauhan in Pathak et al. (Ed.), Orch. Sci. & Com. 93. 2001.Celoglossum mannii Rchb. f., Linnaea 41:54. 1877. Peristylus “Hook. f. ” Clarke, J. Linn. Soc. 25:73. 1889. Habenaria gracillima Hook. f., Fl. Brit. India 6:163. 1890. Mukerjee reported this species from Ukhrul. 6. Peristylus tipuliferus (Parish & Rchb. f.)Mukerjee, Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 21(3):158. 1953; Seidenfaden, Dansk Bot. Ark. 31(3): 41.1977; Chauhan in Pathak et al. (Ed.), Orch. Sci. & Com. 94. 2001. Habenaria tipulifera Parish & Rchb. f., Trans. Linn. Soc. 30:139.1974; Hook. f., Fl. Brit. India 6:157. 1890. Habenaria brandisii Hook. f., Fl. Brit. India 6:162. 1890. Mukerjee reported this species from Litan and Ukhrul. Phaius Loureiro An Old World genus of about 50 terrestrial species characterized by a leafy plurinodal stem, variously shaped leaves and a lateral raceme of brightly coloured flowers.Five species are known from India. Three species occur in Manipur. 1a. Scape axillary or from amongst the leaves, not exceeding the leaves ...............… P. mishmensis 1b. Scape from side of the pseudobulb, tall stout.....2 2a. Leaves spotted with dull yellow; flowers golden yellow ………..............................………P. flavus 2b. Leaves uniformly green without spots; flowers buff and purple …...............……P. tankervilleae 1. Phaius flavus (Blume)Lindl., Gen Sp. Orch. 128.1831; Mukerjee, Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 56 An Orchid Digest of Manipur 21(3):154. 1953; Deb, Bull. Bot. Surv. India 3(2):128.1961; Pradhan, Ind. Orch. Guide to Iden. Cult. 703. 1979; Seidenfaden,Opera Bot. 89:41.1986; Chauhan in Pathak et al. (Ed.), Orch. Sci. & Com. 94. 2001. Limodorum flavum Blume, Bijdr. 375. 1825. Phaius maculatus Lindl., Gen. Sp. Orch. 127.1831; Hook. f., Fl. Brit. India 5:817.1890; King & Pantling, Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Calcutta 8:107. T. 149. 1898. Mukerjee reported this species from Lamlang at 2000m. 2. Phaius mishmensis (Lind. & Paxt.)Rchb. f., Bonplandia 5:43.1857; Hook. f., Fl. Brit. India5:817.1890; King & Pantling, Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Calcutta 8: 109. Pl.152. 1898; Pradhan, Ind. Orch. Guide to Iden. Cult. 703. 1979; Devi & Ghatak, Proc. 5 th ASEAN Orch. Cong. Sing. 75. 1984; Seidenfaden, Opera Bot. 89:47.1986; Chauhan in Pathak et al. (Ed.), Orch. Sci. & Com. 94. 2001. Limatodis mishmensis Lindl. & Paxt., Flower Gard. 3:36. 1852. Devi and Ghatak reported this species from Tami at 690 m. 3. Phaius tankervilleae (Banks ex l’Heritier)Blume, Mus. Bot. Lugd. 2(12):177.1856; Pradhan, Ind. Orch. Guide to Iden. Cult.703. 1979; Devi & Ghatak in Vij (Ed.), Orch. Biol. Cons. Cult. 75. 1986; Seidenfaden in Opera Bot. 89: 43. 1986; Chauhan in Pathak et al. (Ed.), Orch. Sci. & Com. 94. 2001. Limodorum tankervilleae Banks ex l’Heritier, Sert. Ang.28. 1789. Phaius grandifolius Lour., Fl. Cochinch. 2:529. 1790; Devi & Ghatak, Proc. 5th ASEAN Orch. Cong. Sing. 75. 1984. Phaius wallichii Lindl. in Wallich, Pl. As. Rar. 2:46. T. 158.1831; Hook. f., Fl. Brit. India5:816 & 6: 191. 1890; King & Pantling, Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Calcutta 8:108. Pl. 150.1898; Mukerjee, Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 21(3): 154. 1953; Deb, Bull. Bot. Surv. India 3(2):129. 1961. Mukerjee collected this species from Ukhrul. Phalaenopsis Blume An Indo-Malesian genus of some 40 epiphytic species characterized by short stems, thick, shining, flat and broad leaves and an inflorescence bearing strikingly beautiful flowers (Christenson, 2001). Five species are known from India. Two species could be collected from Manipur including a new record for India. 1a. Lip white with parallel red stripes on sidelobes, red on front of central appendage and base of column…………………………… P. cornucervi 1b. Lip yellow at base with deep orange on sidelobe region and pale rose at apex; light violet or pink at base of column …………....…….. P. fasciata 1. Phalaenopsis cornucervi (Breda) Blume & Rchb. f., Hamb. Gartenz. 16:116. 1860; Devi & Ghatak, Proc. 5th ASEAN Orch. Cong. Sing.75. 1984; Seidenfaden, Opera Bot. 95:239. 1988. Polychilos cornucervi Breda in Kuhl & v. Hasselt, Gen. Sp. Pl. 1. 1827; Shim, Mal. Nat. J. 36: 23. 1982. Devi and Ghatak reported this species from Jiribam. 2. Phalaenopsis fasciata Rchb. f., Gard. Chron. n.s. 18:134.182; Christenson, Phalaenopsis A mono. 17. 2001. Polychilos fasciata (Rchb. f.)Shim, Mal. Nat. J. 36:25. 1982. Figs. 18, 20c Epiphytes. Leaves 15-20 x 4-6 cm, elliptic to obovate, channelled above, obtuse rounded at apex. Inflorescence arising from the base of the stem, arching, shorter than the leaves, sometimes longer, a few flowered, pleasantly fragrant; floral bract 4 x 3 mm, triangular with acute apex; pedicel plus ovary 1.8 cm, offwhite;sepals and petals spreading with yellow background and deep brown stripes; dorsal sepal 2.4 x 1 cm, elliptic, 7-veined, backwardly folded, acute at apex; lateral sepals 2.4 x 1.4 cm, ovate-elliptic, 7-veined, margin slightly wavy, acuminate at apex; petals 2.1 x 0.9 cm, elliptic to ovate, 7-veined, acute at apex; lip 3 lobed, 2 x 1.5 cm across sidelobes region, sidelobes oblong-ovate, erect, parallel, obliquely truncate with pointed apex, 0.6 x 0.4 cm, yellowish at base and pale rose at apex having small brown dots within, a small furrow in the middle as a projection, a bunch of orange yellow fleshy tubercles in the middle of the two sidelobes; midlobe oblong-obovate with a central keel and an apical pad of raised tissue having a few scattered trichomes just behind the apical pad; basal portion with two pairs of thorn like projection placed one above the other with the smaller being above and forward pointing; column arching, pale rose, club shaped, 1.2 cm long. Fruits not seen. Flowering: December-January Habitat: Evergreen forests at 800 m. Occurrence: India, Manipur, Tupul. Distribution: India and Philippines. Specimens Examined: INDIA, Manipur, Tupul: C. Sathish Kumar 28259 (TBGT!); 23 December 1998, C. Sathish Kumar 28764 (TBGT!). Note: We got our specimens from Tupul at an altitude of 760 m. It flowered under cultivation at TBGRI. Identification of this species posed some problems C. Sathish Kumar & P. C. Suresh Kumar as there were many species with the same colour pattern. Dr Eric Christenson, USA who studied our sketches and photos confirmed it to be Phalaenopsis 57 fasciata Rchb. f. known only from the Philippines. Thus, the present discovery forms a new record for India. 1 cm d e b 1 cm 1 cm f c 3 cm a Figure 18. Phalaenopsis fasciata Rchb. f., Gard. - a. Habit; b. Flower showing column and lip (sepals and petals removed); c. Dorsal sepal; d. Petal; e. Lateral sepal (after CSK 28259). 58 An Orchid Digest of Manipur Pholidota Lindley ex W. J. Hooker An Indo-Malesian genus of about 29 epiphytic species with seven varieties (Seidenfaden, 1986) characterized by the bifariously arranged flowers with conspicuous bracts. Seven species with one variety are known from India. Four species are so far recorded from Manipur. 1a. Pseudobulbs caespitose; new ones from the side of a pseudobulb …………................………….. 2 1b. Pseudobulbs superposed; new ones from apex of previous pseudobulb ……................….……3 2a. Leaves leathery; lateral sepals free at base ……………………........…………… P. imbricata 2b. Leaves thin; lateral sepals connate near base ……………………............………… P. bracteata 3a. Scapes arising from the sheaths of the internodes ……………........................………… P. protracta 3b. Scape arising from the top of the pseudobulbs between the leaves ….................…..P. articulata 1. Pholidota articulata Lindl., Gen. Sp. Orch. 38. 1830; Hook. f., Fl. Brit. India 5:884. 1890; King & Pantling, Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Calcutta 8: 146. Pl. 205. 1898; Mukerjee, Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 21(3):154. 1953; Deb, Bull. Bot. Surv. India 3(2):129. 1961; Pradhan, Ind. Orch. Guide to Iden. Cult. 294. 1979; Seidenfaden, Opera Bot. 89:96.1986; Chauhan in Pathak et al. (Ed.), Orch. Sci. & Com. 94. 2001: Pholidota griffithii Hook. f., Ic. Pl. T. 1881. 1889 & Fl. Brit. India 5: 845.1890; Pradhan, Ind. Orch. Guide to Iden. Cult. 294. 1979; Chauhan in Pathak et al. (Ed.), Orch. Sci. & Com. 94. 2001; P. obovata Hook. f., Fl. Brit. India 5:845. 1890. P. lugardii Rolfe, Kew Bull. 1893:6. 1893. P. articulata var. griffithii (Hook. f.)King & Pantling, Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Calcutta 8:147. Pl. 204. 1898. Fig. 20d Rchb. f., Bonplandia 4:329.1856; Hook. f., Fl. Brit. India 5:846.1890; Mukerjee, Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 21(3): 154. 1953; Pradhan, Ind. Orch. Guide to Iden. Cult. 292. 1979; Chauhan in Pathak et al. (Ed.), Orch. Sci. & Com. 94. 2001 P. imbricata var. sessile Hook. f., Fl. Brit. India 5: 846. 1890. Mukerjee recorded this species from Ukhrul at 2000 m. 3. Pholidota imbricata W. J. Hook., Exot. Fl. 2:T. 138. 1825; Deb, Bull. Bot. Surv. India 3(2):129. 1961; Seidenfaden, Opera Bot. 95:98. 1988. P. imbricata var. coriacea Hook. f., Fl. Brit. India 5:846. 1890. Deb reported it from Kairengi at 900 m. 4. Pholidota protracta Hook. f., Ic. Pl. T.1877.1889; Hook. f., Fl. Brit. India 5:845.1890; Mukerjee, Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 21(3): 154. 1953; Chauhan in Pathak et al. (Ed.), Orch. Sci. & Com. 94. 2001. Mukerjee reported this species from Khangkhui. Phreatia Lindley An Indo-Malesian genus of about 150 species of epiphytic orchids characterized by minute flowers, very simple and unornamented lip and eight pollinaria. It is represented in India by three species. Only one species has been recorded from Manipur. Phreatia elegans Lindl., Gen. Sp. Orch. 63.1830; Hook. f., Fl. Brit. India 5:810.1890; Chauhan in Pathak et al. (Ed.), Orch. Sci. & Com. 93. 2001. Lindley described this species based on Macrae’s collection from Sri Lanka. We haven’t seen any specimen from Manipur. CAL has specimens from Meghalaya and Sikkim, besides Dr A. Henry’s collections from China and Taiwan. Pleione D. Don Flowering: April-May. Habitat: Primary and secondary forests at 6002000 m. Occurrence: Manipur, Thoubal, Sirohee. Distribution: Indo-Malesia. Specimens Examined: INDIA, Manipur: Thoubal C. Sathish Kumar 28737, 28760 (TBGT!); Sirohee S. K. Mukerjee 3212(CAL!) 2. Pholidota bracteata (D. Don) Seidenf., Opera Bot. 89:100.1986. Ptilonema bracteatum D. Don, Prodr. Fl. Nepal. 33. 1825. Pholidota pallida Lindl., Bot. Reg. 21. sub T. 177. 1835. Pholidota imbricata auct. non W. J. Hook. : Lindley, Bot. Reg. T. 1213. 1829. P. calceata An Asian mainland genus that extends to South China and Taiwan with its 14 epiphytic species (Cribb, Tang & Butterfield, 1983) and characterized by short habit and large and stunningly beautiful flowers. Five species are known from India. Four are reported to occur in Manipur. 1a. Pseudobulbs 1 leaved …………...……………. 2 1b. Pseudobuls 2 leaved ………….......…………... 3 2a. Leaves hysteranthous; lip base saccate........... ……………………...………………… P. humilis 2b. Leaves synanthous; lip base not saccate …………………......………………P. hookeriana C. Sathish Kumar & P. C. Suresh Kumar 3a. Sepals and petals creamy white, sometimes with streaks of pink …................………..P. maculata 3b. Sepals and petals pink to pinkish purple ……………….........……………………P. praecox 1. Pleione hookeriana (Lindl.)B. S. Williams, Orchid Grow. Man. Ed. 6, 548. 1885; Mukerjee, Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 21(3): 154. 1953;Cribb, Tang & Butterfield, Curtis’s Bot. Mag. 184(3):112.1983; Seidenfaden, Opera Bot. 114:106.1992; Chauhan in Pathak et al. (Ed.), Orch. Sci. & Com. 94. 2001. Coelogyne hookeriana Lindl., Fol. Orch. Coelogyne 14.1854; Hook. f., Fl. Brit. India 5: 842. 1890. Mukerjee reported this species from Sirohee at 2600 m. Specimens Examined: INDIA, Manipur: Sirohee Dr S K Mukerjee 3238 (CAL!). 2. Pleione humilis (J. E. Sm.)D. Don, Prodr. Fl. Nepal. 37. 1825; Cribb, Tang & Butterfield, Curtis’s Bot.Mag. 184(3): 119.1983; Chauhan in Pathak et al. (Ed.), Orch. Sci. & Com. 94. 2001. Epidendrum humile J. E. Sm., Exot. Bot. T. 98.1806. Coelogyne humilis (J. E. Sm.)Lindl., Gen. Sp. Orch. 43.1830; Hook. f., Fl. Brit. India 5:840. 1890. Cribb et al. recorded this species from Manipur. 3. Pleione maculata (Lindl.)Lindl.Paxt. Fl. Gard. 2:5. T. 39.1851; Pradhan, Ind. Orch. Guide to Iden. Cult. 281; Cribb, Tang & Butterfield, Curtis’s Bot. Mag. 184(3):106. Fig. 1B. T. 860. 1983; Seidenfaden, Opera Bot. 89: 77.1988; Chauhan in Pathak et al. (Ed.), Orch. Sci. & Com. 94. 2001. Coelogyne maculata Lindl., Gen. Sp. Orch. 43.1830; Hook. f., Fl. Brit. India 5:841 & 6: 194. 1890; King & Pantling, Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Calcutta 8: 140. T. 195. 1898: Meebold collected this species from Manipur in November 1907 at 5000 ft. Specimens Examined: INDIA, Manipur: Ningba A. Meebold 6562 (CAL!). 4. Pleione praecox (J. E. Sm.) D. Don, Prodr. Fl. Nepal. 37. 1825; Mukerjee, Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 21(3): 154. 1953;Cribb, Tang & Butterfield, Curtis’s Bot. Mag. 184(3):110.1983; Chauhan in Pathak et al. (Ed.), Orch. Sci. & Com. 94. 2001. Epidendrum praecox J. E. Sm., Exot. Bot. 2:23. T. 97. 1806. Coelogyne praecox (J. E. Sm.)Lindl., Coll. Bot. sub T. 37.1826; Hook. f., Fl. Brit. India 5:840 & 6:194. 1890; King & Pantling, Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Calcutta 8: 141. Pl. 196. 1898. Mukerjee collected this species from Sirohee at 2500 m. 59 Polystachya W. J. Hooker A pantropical genus of some 200 epiphytic species of orchids with a mian centre of distribution in Africa characterised by pseudobulbous stems bearing a few leaves and a single or branched inflorescence of variously coloured (creamy green to light pink in Asia) flowers. Only one species has been recorded from India, also occurring in Manipur. Polystachya concreta (Jacq.) Garay & Sweet, Orcquideologia 9(3):206. 1974; Seidenfaden in Opera Bot. 95:14. 1988. Epidendrum concretum Jacq., Enum. Syst. Pl. 30. 1760. Onychium flavescens Blume, Bijdr. 325. 1825. Polystachya flavescens (Blume) J. J. Sm., Fl. Buitenz.6: 285. Fig. 218.1905; Pradhan, Ind. Orch. Guide to Iden. Cult. 371.1979. This is a pantropical species. Porpax Lindley An Indo-Malesian genus of 13 epiphytic or lithophytic species characterized by discoid and compressed pseudobulbs and tubular flowers. Six species are known from India. Only one species has been so far recorded from Manipur. Porpax gigantea Deori, Bull. Bot. Surv. India 17:174. 1978; Seidenfaden, Bot. Tidsskr.72(1):6. 1977 & Opera Bot. 89: 120. 1986. Deori recorded this species from Manipur. Renanthera Loureiro An Indo-Malesian genus of about 15 species of epiphytic orchids characterized by monopodial habit and an often branched inflorescence of strikingly coloured, often red flowers. One species occurs in India, known from Manipur, Arunachal Pradesh, Mizoram and Nagaland. Renanthera imschootiana Rolfe, Kew Bull. 1891:200. 1891; Devi & Ghatak, Proc. 5th ASEAN Orch. Cong. Sing.76.1984; Seidenfaden, Opera Bot. 114:367.1992; Chauhan in Pathak et al. (Ed.), Orch. Sci. & Com. 94. 2001. R. papilio King & Prain, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal 64(3):328. 1895. Figs. 19, 22a A fairly common species in Manipur, R. imschootiana is much exploited by orchid traders for breeding experiments. Several intergeneric hybrids involving this species have been produced and they, like the parent, are a hot favourite of orchid lovers. Flowers of this species are scarlet red. Dorsal sepal is light brownish yellow, petals light cream with pink spots towards tip, lateral sepals scarlet red, very small, saccate lip 3-lobed, sidelobes sharp, erect, deep scarlet 60 An Orchid Digest of Manipur red and midlobe apex scarlet red. There are two keels at sidelobes region and three at midlobe region. Sing.76.1984; Seidenfaden, Opera Bot. 95:214.1988; Chauhan in Pathak et al. (Ed.), Orch. Sci. & Com. 94. 2001. Epidendrum retusum L., Sp. Pl. 953. 1753. This species is common at Thoubal. Specimen Examined: INDIA; Manipur: Imphal C. Sathish Kumar 28737 (TBGT!) Rhytionanthos Garay et al. 1 cm b a 1 mm c Figure 19. Renanthera imschootiana Rolfe - a. Flower (front view); b. Flower side view; c. Pollinarium (after CSK 28738). Specimens Examined: INDIA, Manipur: Khongya near Moreh C. Sathish Kumar 28738 (TBGT!); Between Khairung and Maitiphun-Manipur-Naga Hills frontier May 1892 Lt. Lugard s. n. (Acc. No. 457529, CAL!); Munnipore Hiils June 1899 Capt. Chatterton s. n. (Acc No. 457524, CAL!). Assam: 18 May 1895 Lt. Chatterton 558 (CAL!, Type of Renanthera papilio King & Prain). Mizoram: South Lushai Hills near Fort Lungh 3000 ft. April 1899 A. T. Gage 230 (CAL!). BURMA(MYANMAR), Taunggyi: May 1938 F. G. Dickason 9332 (Acc. No. 457525, CAL!). Rhynchostylis Blume An Indo-Southeast Asian genus of four epiphytic species characterized by short stems, thick and fleshy leaves and lateral inflorescence of closely arranged flowers. Two species have been recorded from India andboth found in Manipur. An Indo-Malesian genus of about a dozen species of epiphytic orchids characterized by non twisted involute, lateral sepals firmly united along both margins and presenting a horn or pouch-like appearance. Eight species are known from India. Only one species has been recorded from Manipur. Rhytionanthos cornutum (Lindl.)Garay, Hamer & Siegerist, Nord. J. Bot. 14(6):637. 1994; Seidenfaden, Opera Bot. 124: 51. 1995. Cirrhopetalum coruntum Lindl., Bot. Reg. 24: misc. 75. 1838. Bulbophyllum cornutum (Lindl.) Rchb. f. in Walp. Ann. 6:261. 1861. Phyllorchis helenae Kuntze, Rev. Gen. Pl. 2:676. 1891. Bulbophyllum helenae (Kuntze)J. J. Sm., Bull. Buitenz. Ser. 2. 8:24. 1912; Chauhan in Pathak et al. (Ed.), Orch. Sci. & Com. 86. 2001. Satyrium Swartz An Old World genus of about 100 species of terrestrial orchids with a centre of distribution in Africa and characterized by tuberoid rhizomes, fleshy stems and leaves, and a terminal inflorescence of varying colours with two collateral spurs on the lip. Only a single species occurs in India, which is also recorded from Manipur at high alititudes. 1a. Lip apex 3-lobed………….……….. R. gigantea Satyrium nepalense D. Don, Prodr. Fl. Nepal. 26. 1825; Hook. f., Fl. Brit. India 6:168.1890; Mukerjee, Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 21(3): 154. 1953; Deb, Bull. Bot. Surv. India 3(2):129.1961; Chauhan in Pathak et al. (Ed.), Orch. Sci. & Com. 94. 2001. 1b. Lip apex notched/ slightly retuse or apiculate ……………….................……………… R. retusa Mukerjee recorded this species from Sirohi at 2500 m. on grassy fields. 1. Rhynchostylis gigantea (Lindl.)Ridley, J. Linn. Soc. 32:356.1896; Devi & Ghatak, Proc. 5th ASEAN Orch. Cong. Sing. 74. 1984; Seidenfaden, Opera Bot. 95:217. 1988. Saccolabium giganteum Lindl., Gen. Sp. Orch. 221. 1833. Devi and Ghatak reported this species from Khongampatt. 2. Rhynchostylis retusa (L.) Blume, Bijdr. 286. Fig. 49.1825; Hook. f., Fl. Brit. India 6:32. 1890; King & Pantling, Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Calcutta 8: 213. Pl. 284. 1898; Devi & Ghatak, Proc. 5th ASEAN Orch. Cong. Schoenorchis Reinw. An Indo-Malesio-Australasian genus of about 24 epiphytic speciesc characterized by small flowers with spurred and fleshy lip firmly jointed to very short footless column. Five species are known from India. Two species have been recorded from Manipur. 1a. Epichile of lip with a large semicircular callus ……………………..............………… S. fragrans 1b. Epichile without any callus ……….. S. gemmata C. Sathish Kumar & P. C. Suresh Kumar 61 b a c d Figure 20. a. Paphiopedilum insigne (Wallich ex Lindl.) Pfitz.; b. Paphiopedilum spicerianum (Rchb. f. ex Masters & T. Moore) Pfitz.); c. Phalaenopsis fasciata Rchb. f.; d. Pholidota articulata Lindl. 62 An Orchid Digest of Manipur 1. Schoenorchis fragrans (Parish & Rchb.f.) Seidenf. & Smitin., Orch. Thailand 4(i): 611. 1963, p. p.; Hook. f., Fl. Brit. India 6: 58. 1890. Schoenorchis manipurensis U. C. Pradhan, Amer. Orch. Soc. Bull. 47:912. Fig. 1. 1978 & Ind. Orch. Guide to Ident. Cult. 529, 729. 1979; Devi & Ghatak, Proc. 5th ASEAN Orch. Cong. Sing. 76. 1984. Pradhan’s Manipur plant was found to be identical with the Myanmar plant Saccolabium fragrans. Devi and Ghatak reported this species from TuyaiWaichong area at 122 m. 2. Schoenorchis gemmata (Lindl.)J. J. Sm., Nat. Tijdsschr. Ned. Ind. 72:100.1912; Pradhan, Ind. Orch. Guide to Iden. Cult.526. 1979; Seidenfaden, Opera Bot. 95:71. 1988; Chauhan in Pathak et al. (Ed.), Orch. Sci. & Com. 94. 2001. Saccolabium gemmatum Lindl., Bot. Reg. 24. misc. 50. 1838; Hook. f., Fl. Brit. India 5: 55. 197. 1890 & Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Calcutta 5: 46. T. 70. 1895. Cleisostoma gemmatum (Lindl.)King & Pantling, Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Calcutta 8: 234. Pl. 313. 1898. Spathoglottis Blume An Indo-Malesio-Pacific genus of about 30 species of terrestrial orchids characterized by often subterranean pseudobulbs, linear to lanecolate plicate leaves and a lateral inflorescence of beautiful flowers having lip with twin calli at base of midlobe. Three species are known from India. Only one species occurs in Manipur. Spathoglottis pubescens Lindl., Gen. Sp. Orch. 120.1831; Hook. f., Fl. Brit. India 5: 814.1890; Mukerjee, Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 21(3):21(3):154. 1953; Deb, Bull. Bot. Surv. India 3(2):129.1953; Pradhan, Ind. Orch. Guide to Iden. Cult. 249. 1979; Chauhan in Pathak et al. (Ed.), Orch. Sci. & Com. 94. 2001. S. bensonii Hook. f., Fl. Brit. India 5:814. 1890; Ic. Pl. T. 2087. 1892. S. parvifolia Lindl., Bot. Reg. 31: sub T. 19. 1845. S. pubescens var. parvifolia (Lindl.)Hook. f., Fl. Brit. India 5:814. 1890. S. pubescens var. berkeleyii Hook. f., Fl. Brit. India 5:814.1890 & 6:191. 1890. Mukherjee reported this species from Ukhrul at 2000m. Spiranthes L. C. Rich. A world wide genus of about 42 species of terrestrial orchids characterized by soft tuberoids, fleshy stems and leaves, and a terminal inflorescence of spirally arranged variously coloured, often white to pink flowers. Two species occur in India and one is recorded from Manipur. Spiranthes sinensis (Pers.)Ames, Orchis 2:53.1908; Mukerjee, Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 21(3):154. 1953; Deb, Bull. Bot. Surv. India 3(2):124. 1953; Seidenfaden, Dansk Bot. Ark. 32(2):105.1978; Chauhan in Pathak et al. (Ed.), Orch. Sci. & Com. 95. 2001.Neottia sinensis Pers., Syn. Pl. 2: 511. 1807. N. australis R. Br., Prodr. 319. 1810. Spiranthes australis (R. Br.)Lindl., Bot. Reg. 10:sub t. 823.1824; Hook. f., Fl. Brit. India 6:102. 1890 Mukerjee recorded this species from Sirohee at 2300 m. Sunipia Lindley An Indo-Malesian genus of about a dozen species characterized by a short subquadrate-truncate to emarginate rostellum with pollinia attached to it through a Y-shaped caudicle and a single gland. Three species are known from India. Only one species has been recorded from India. Sunipia bicolor Lindl., Gen. Sp. Orch. 179.1833; Pradhan, Ind. Orch. Guide to Iden. Cult. 485. 1979; Seidenfaden, Opera Bot. 89: 176.1986. Ione bicolor (Lindl.)Lindl., Fol. Orch. Ione 6. 1853; King& Pantling, Ann. Roy. Bot. Grd. Calcutta 8: 159. T. 216. 1898: Seidenfaden, Bot. Tidsskr. 64(2-3): 216. 1969. Bulbophyllum bicolor (Lindl.) Hook. f., Fl. Brit. Ind. 5: 770. 1888, non Lindl.; Mukerjee, Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 21(3): 150. 1953; Deb, Bull. Bot. Surv. India 3(2):126. 1961. Mukerjee recorded this species from Tosen at 2700 m. Tainia Blume An Indo-Malesian genus of about 25 species of terrestrial orchids characterized by fleshy and variously shaped pseudobulb bearing a single, long petioled, variously shaped leaf and a long lateral raceme of brightly coloured flowers. Six species are known from India. Two species are reported from Manipur. 1a. Lip with 3 keels, lateral keels raising lamellately at middle …………..............…………T. latifolia 1b. Lip with 5 keels, raising lamellately at distal region …….........………………… T. viridifusca 1. Tainia latifolia (Lindl.) Rchb. f., Bonplandia 5:54. 1857 (excl. syn. Calanthe visidifusca); Hook. f., Fl. Brit. India5:820 & 6:192. 1890; Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Calcutta 5:24. T. 35. 1895; King & Pantling, Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Calcutta 8: 103. Pl. 142. 1898; Pradhan, Ind. Orch. Guide to Iden. Cult. 273. 1979. Ania latifolia Lindl., Gen. Sp. Orch. 130. 1831. C. Sathish Kumar & P. C. Suresh Kumar Though Deb collected this species from Manipur, he did not include it in his account on the monocot flora of Manipur. At CAL there is a beautiful painting of this species after a Sikkim plant first flowered in 1867 at Indian Botanic Garden. Lip is 3-lamellate with two outer ones dilated. Pantling’s pencil sketches are found on s. coll. s. n. (accession no. 454064, CAL!). 63 T. 26. 1845. Thelasis elongata Blume, Bot. Mus. Lugd. 2:187. 1856; Hook. f., Fl. Brit. India 5:86. 1890. Fig. 21 2 mm 2 mm 1 cm b Flowering: August-September Habitat: Forest floor in shade. c f Occurrence: Manipur, Koirengi. Distribution: India, Bhutan, Myanmar, Thailand and Laos. Specimens Examined: INDIA, Manipur: Koirengi Deb 2583(CAL!). 2. Tainia viridifusca (W. J. Hook.) Benth. ex Hook. f., Fl. Brit. India 6:820.1890; Pradhan, Ind. Orch. Guide to Iden. Cult. 241. 1979; Seidenfaden, Opera Bot. 89:28. 1986. Calanthe viridifusca W. J. Hook., Bot. Mag. 78:T. 4669. 1852. Pseudobulbs 2.5-5 cm long, obliquely conical. Petiole about 60 cm long with 45-60 long linear-elliptic many veined blade. inflorescence about equaling the petioled leaf; peduncle and rachis 45-60 cm long and glaucous; midlobe of lip apiculate. a d 1 mm e Figure 21. Thelasis pygmaea (Griffith) Blume - a. A portion of the inflorescence; b. Floral bract; c. Dorsal sepal; d. Lip; e. Petal; f. Pollinarium Griffith’s type was collected from Nepal. We got our specimens in vegetative condition, which flowered under cultivation at TBGRI. Two leaved polished green pseudobulbs, a long lateral spike of creamy green flowers never fully opening and strongly keeled boat shaped lateral sepals are very characteristic of this species . Flowering: May-June. Flowering: January-March. Habitat: Primary forest behind an army camp Habitat: Forest floor. Occurrence: Manipur, Tupul. Occurrence: Manipur, no precise locality. Distribution: India, Myanmar, Thailand, Vietnam, China, Hong Kong, Malaya, Sumatra, Borneo and the Philippines. Distribution: India, Myanmar, Thailand, Vietnam and China. Specimens Examined: INDIA, Manipur: George Watt 6293 (K). Nagaland: Naga Hills F. Kingdon-Ward 11209 (CAL!). Meghalaya: Jarain, beyond Jowai R. Pantling s. n. (Acc. No. 454051, CAL!). Thelasis Blume An Indo-Malesian genus of about 25 epiphytic species characterized by not fully opening flowers arranged at the end of a long scape, lip with a longitudinal thickening and a beaked operculum. Four species have been recorded from India. Only one is known to occur in Manipur. Thelasis pygmaea (Griffith) Blume, Fl. Jav. 23.1858; Hook. f., Fl. Brit. India 5:86. 1890; King & Pantling, Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Calcutta 8: 249. Pl. 331.1898; Pradhan, Ind. Orch. Guide to Iden. Cult. 443. 1979; Seidenfaden, Opera Bot. 89:156.1979; Chauhan in Pathak et al. (Ed.), Orch. Sci. & Com. 95. 2001. Euproboscis pygmaea Griffith, Calc. J. Nat. Hist. 5:371. Specimens Examined: INDIA, Manipur: Tupul C Sathish Kumar 28741 (TBGT!). Thrixspermum Loureiro An Indo-Malesian genus of about 165 species of epiphytic orchids characterized by short or long inflorescence bearing a few fugacious flowers opening successively. Eight species are known from India. Only one species is known to occur in Manipur. Thrixspermum centipeda Lour., Fl. Cochinch. 520. 1590; Seidenfaden, Opera Bot. 95:152. 1988; Chauhan in Pathak et al. (Ed.), Orch. Sci. & Com. 95. 2001. Dendrocolla arachnites Blume, Bijdr. 287. Fig. 67. 1825. Sarcochilus arachnites (Blume) Rchb. f. in Walp. Ann. 6:498.1863; Hook. f., Fl. Brit. India 6:41. 1890. Thrixspermum arachnites (Blume)Rchb. f., Xen. Orch. 2:121. 1867; Pradhan, Ind. Orch. Guide to Iden. Cult. 503. 1979. 64 An Orchid Digest of Manipur Thunia Reichenbach f. Vanda Jones ex R. Br. An Indo-Malesian genus of four epiphytic or lithophytic species characterized by light grayish green leaves and a terminal bunch of beautiful white to pink flowers. Three species have been reported from India and one from Manipur. An Indo-Malesian genus of about 40 species of epiphytic or lithophytic orchids characterized by long profusely rooting stems, loriform leaves and axillary racemes of variously coloured beautiful flowers. Twelve species are known from India. Eight species occur in Manipur. Thunia alba (Lindl.)Rchb. f., Bot. Zeit. 10:764. 1852; Deb, Bull. Bot. Surv. India 3(2):129. 1961; Pradhan, Ind. Orch. Guide to Iden. Cult.439. 1979; Devi & Ghatak, Proc. 5th ASEAN Orch. Cong. Sing. 76. 1984; Seidenfaden, Opera Bot. 89:14.1986; Chauhan in Pathak et al. (Ed.), Orch. Sci. & Com. 2001:95. Phaius albus Lindl. in Wallich, Pl. As. Rar. 2: T. 198.1831; Mukerjee, Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 21 (3): 154.1953; Hook. f., Fl. Brit. India5:818 p. p. 1890; King & Pantling, Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Calcutta 8: 110. Pl. 153. 1898. p. p. Thunia marshalliana Rchb. f., Linnaea 41:65.1877; Pradhan, Ind. Orch. Guide to Iden. Cult. 439. 1979; Chauhan in Pathak et al. (Ed.), Orch. Sci. & Com. 95. 2001. 1a. Flowers blue; lip much shorter than dorsal sepal …………….............................……….. V. coerulea 1b. Flowers not blue; lip same length as dorsal sepal ………………….............................………………2 2a. Epichile of lip broadly ovate, fleshy, concave with longitudinal purple streaks......…V. pumila 2b. Epichile pandurate or broadening towards apex …………………..........................………………. 3 3a. Midlobe of lip with a basal narrow neck longer than broad, widening into the strongly bilobulate apical part ……………… V. liouvillei Mukerjee recorded this species from Ukhrul at 1200 m. 3b. Midlobe not as above …………………………. 4 4a. Spur long, cylindric …………………..………. 5 Tropidia Lindley 4b. Spur short, conical …………………………….. 6 A pantropical genus of 6 species of terrestrial orchids characterized by often branched stems, broadly elliptic to cordate-ovate leaves and a terminal inflorescence of white to pale yellow flowers. India is known to have four species. Only one has been recorded from Manipur. 5a. Front of epichile deeply notched, edges recurved ………..........………… V. coerulescens 5b. Front of epichile broad, rotundate, edges finely erose-dentate …….......................…… V. testacea 6a. Lip apex produced into two lobed processes ……………....................……………….V. cristata 6b. Lip apex not produced into long processes …………………...................…………………… 7 7a. Sepals and petals golden green, tessellated with chestnut brown …....................…… V. stangeana 7b. Sepals and petals yellowish green or greenish white without tessellation …...........…. V. alpina Tropidia curculigoides Lindl., Gen. Sp. Orch. 497.1840; Hook. f., Fl. Brit. India 6: 93. 1890; King & Pantling, Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Calcutta 8: 275.Pl. 366.1898; Mukerjee, Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 21(3):154. 1953; Deb, Bull. Bot. Surv. India 3(2):129.1961; Pradhan, Ind. Orch. Guide to Iden. Cult.101. 1979; Seidenfaden, Dansk Bot. Ark. 32(2):110.1978; Chauhan in Pathak et al. (Ed.), Orch. Sci. & Com. 95. 2001. Mukerjee found this species at Chatrik at 1000m. Uncifera Lindley An Indo-South East Asian genus of six epiphytic orchids characterized by pendulous leafy stems and leaf opposed and densely flowered racemes of pale green to yellow flowers. Three species occur in India and one in Manipur. Uncifera acuminata Lindl., Journ. Linn. Soc.3:40.1859; Hook. f., Fl. Brit. India 6:65. 1890; Chauhan in Pathak et al. (Ed.), Orch. Sci. & Com. 95. 2001. 1. Vanda alpina (Lindl.) Lindl., Fol. Orch. Vanda 10.1853; Hook. f., Fl. Brit. India 6: 43. 1890; Chauhan in Pathak et al. (Ed.), Orch. Sci. & Com. 95. 2001. Luisia alpina Lindl. in Bot. Reg. 24: Misc. 56. 1838. Stauropsis alpina (Lindl.)Tang & Wang in Acta Phytotax. Sin. 1: 93. 1951. Trudelia alpina (Lindl.)Garay, Orch. Dig. 50(2): 76. 1986. Garay (1986) treats this under Trudelia. 2. Vanda coerulea Griffith ex Lindl., Bot. Reg. sub T. 30.1847; Clarke, J. Linn. Soc. 25:73.1889; Hook. f., Fl. Brit. India 6:51.1890; Mukerjee, Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 21(3): 153. 1953; Deb, Bull. Bot. Surv. India 3(2):129.1961; Pradhan, Ind. Orch. Guide to C. Sathish Kumar & P. C. Suresh Kumar 65 a b c d Photographs by C. Suseendran Figure 22. a. Renanthera imschootiana Rolfe; b. Vanda coerulea Griffith ex Lindl.; c. Vanda pumila Hook. f.; d. Vanilla parishii Rchb. f. 66 An Orchid Digest of Manipur Iden. Cult. 567. 1979; Seidenfaden, Opera Bot. 95:196. 1988. Fig. 22b This is a commom species in Manipur. Flowering: March –April. Habitat: Primary forests. Occurrence: Manipur: Tupul. Flowering & Fruiting: August-December. Habitat: Primary forests at 1300-1800 m. Occurrence: Manipur:Ukhrul, Imphal. Distribution: India, Myanmar, Thailand and China. Specimens Examined: INDIA, Manipur: Ukrul Mukerjee 3480 (CAL!); Deb 1957(CAL!); Imphal C. Sathish Kumar s.n. (TBGT!). 3. Vanda coerulescens Griffith, Not. 3:352. Ic. T. 331.1851; Hook. f., Fl. Brit. India 6:50. 1890; Pradhan, Ind. Orch. Guide to Iden. Cult. 567. 1979; Seidenfaden, Opera Bot. 95:208.1988; Chauhan in Pathak et al. (Ed.), Orch. Sci. & Com. 95. 2001. 1 cm Devi and Ghatak found it at Thoubal. It is common in Imphal particularly on trees along Kangla river. Flowering: April-October. Habitat: Primary forests, occasionally on exotic trees at 700 m. Occurrence: Manipur: Thoubal, Imphal. Distribution : India, Myanmar, Thailand and China. Figure 23. Vanda pumila Hook. f. - Flower Specimens Examined: INDIA, Manipur: Bor 18456 (K); Kangla Riverside C. Sathish Kumar 28706 (TBGT!). Distribution: India, Nepal, Bhutan, Myanmar, Thailand, Laos, Vietnam, China and Sumatra. 4. Vanda cristata Lindl., Gen. Sp. Orch. 216.1833; Hook. f., Fl. Brit. India 6:53.1890; Pradhan, Ind. Orch. Guide to Iden. Cult. 570. 1979; Chauhan in Pathak et al. (Ed.), Orch. Sci. & Com. 95. 2001. Trudelia cristata (Lindl.)Senghas in Die Orchideen 1(19-29):1211. 1988. Specimens Examined: INDIA, Manipur: Tupul C. Sathish Kumar 28703 (TBGT!). This is a new record for Manipur. 5. Vanda liouvillei Finet, Not. Syst. (Paris) 2: 299. Fig.6. 1913; Seidenfaden, Opera Bot. 95:204. 1988; Phukan, Orch. Rev. 104(1209): 189. 1998. 7. Vanda stangeana Rchb. f., Bot. Zeit. 14:351. 1858; Hook. f., Fl. Brit. India 1890:54; Pradhan, Ind. Orch. Guide to Iden. Cult. 569. 1979; Kataki, Jain & Sastry, Threat. End. Orch. Northeast Ind. 92.1984; Chauhan in Pathak et al. (Ed.), Orch. Sci. & Com. 95. 2001. Phukan (1998) reported this species as a new record for India from Manipur. Devi and Ghatak found this species at Tengnoupal at 1390 m. 6. Vanda pumila Hook. f., Fl. Brit. India 6: 53.1890; Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Calcutta 5: 45. Pl. 68. 1895; King & Pantling, Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Calcutta 8: 216. Pl. 288.1898; Pradhan, Ind. Orch. Guide to Iden. Cult. 570. 1979; Seidenfaden,Opera Bot. 95 :209. 1988. Trudelia pumila (Hook. f.)Senghas in Die Orchideen 1(19-20):1211. 1988. Figs. 22c, 23 8. Vanda testacea (Lindl.) Rchb.f., Gard.Chron. 166.1877; Pradhan, Ind. Orch. Guide to Iden. Cult. 567, 637. 1979; Seidenfaden, Opera Bot.95: 208.1988; Chauhan in Pathak et al. (Ed.), Orch. Sci. & Com. 95. 2001. Aerides testacea Lindl., Gen. Sp. Orch. 238. 1833. Vanda parviflora Lindl., Bot. Reg. 30:misc. 45.1844; Hook. f., Fl. Brit. India 6:50 (excl. var. albiflora). 1890; King & Pantling, Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Calcutta 8: 215, Pl.286. 1898. Flowers 2-4, fragrant, creamy yellow/white; sepals and petals with pink markings at base; lateral sepals with pink spotted lines in the half region; lip spurred with pink or purple markings. Devi and Ghatak reported this species from Churachandpur. C. Sathish Kumar & P. C. Suresh Kumar Vandopsis Pfitzer An Indo-Malesian genus of five epiphytic species characterized by short footless column to which the lip is firmly adnate with geniculately bent lip, more or less canaliculated, gibbous at base. Only one species occurs in India which is also found in Manipur. Vandopsis undulata (Lindl.)J. J. Sm. in Nat. Tijd. Ned. Ind. 72:77. 1912. Vanda undulata Lindl., Journ. Linn. Soc. 3: 42. 1859. Stauropsis undulatus Benth. ex Hook. f., Fl. Brit. India 6: 27. 1890; King & Pantling, Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Calcutta 8:205. Pl. 275.1898; Mukerjee, Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 21(3): 154. 1953 Mukerjee recorded this species from Nongbi and Khamsang at 1600-2000 m. Vanilla Plumier ex Miller A pantropical genus of about 100 species of climbing orchids characterized by the winy habit, thick and fleshy stems with or without leaves and an axillary fascicle of fairly large flowers of varying colours, lip always fused halfway with the long column with different kinds of fleshy plates on the disc. India is known to have five species. One is reported from Manipur. Vanilla parishii Rchb. f., Otia Bot. Hamb. 1:39. 1878; Ormerod, Oasis Suppl. 2:9. 2001. Vanilla pilifera auct. non Holtt. :Seidenfaden, Dansk Bot. Ark. 32(2):142, fig. 88. 1978; Borthakur & Hajra, Bull. Bot. Surv. India 18(1-4): 228. 1979(1976); Seidenfaden & Wood, Orch. Penins. Mal. Sing. 125 p. p. Fig. 51B. Pl. 5C.1992; Chauhan in Pathak et al. (Ed.), Orch. Sci. & Com. 95. 2001. Figs. 22d, 24 This species was first noted in Manipur by KingdonWard who wrongly believed it to represent V. planifolia. We got our samples from Khongampatt, thanks to H.B. Singh. Fresh flowers enabled us a detailed study in comparison with the type at Kew, copy of which was sent to us by Ormerod, confirming that the species was Vanilla parishii Rchb. f. Climbing herbs. Stems green, fleshy and leafy and rooting throughout. Leaves simple, alternate, 5.5-10 x 1.8-2.5 cm, many veined, midvein prominent. Inflorescence axillary, scape deep green 3.5-4 x 0.6 mm, bracteate; floral bracts ovate oblong, 3 x 4-6 mm, acute at apex. Flowers 7-9 in number, open successively from base upwards; ovary + pedicel 3.7-5 cm, white; dorsal sepal 2.7 x 0.8 cm, obovate, 12-veined, basally white, otherwise green, margin inwardly folded, obtuse at apex; lateral sepals 2.6 x 0.9-1 cm, boat shaped, 12veined, colour same in dorsal sepal, hooded at apex; 67 petals 2.7 x 0.7 cm, oblong obtuse, green, midvein of the petal thickened on dorsal side and ends in a in a hove like structure just beneath apex, obtuse; lip 2.8 x 2.7 cm, 3-lobed; sidelobes oblong-orbicular, fused with the column upto its ¾ length, having pink hairs inside; midlobe oblong, margin wavy, with a tuft of long pink hairs, truncate at apex; mesochile with 7 batch of flat many lobed, backwardly projected scales; column white with pink lines on ventral side, 2-2.2 cm long, stigma crescent shaped, slightly winged at apex with very broad and prominent rostellum; operculum green, 4 x 3 mm, 3-lobed at apex; pollinia 4 in two pairs. Fruits fleshy, 6-10 cm long. Flowering & Fruiting: December-April Habitat: Evergreen forests Occurrence: Manipur, Khongampatt Distribution: India, Bangladesh, Myanmar, Thailand. Specimens Examined: INDIA, Manipur: Khongampatt C. Sathish Kumar 28270 (TBGT!). Yoania Maxim. A saprophytic genus of two delicate species found in the Himalayas, Japan and New Zealand characterized by the aphyllous habit, densely clothed scales and white flowers on a raceme. Two species occur in India. Only one species has been reported from Manipur. Yoania japonica Maxim., Bull. Acad. St. Petersb. 18:68. 1873; Hook. f., Fl. Brit. India 6: 123. 1890: Pradhan, Ind. Orch. Guide to Iden. Cult. 436. 1979; Kataki, Jain & Sastry, Threat. End. Orch. Northeast Ind. 92. 1984; Chauhan in Pathak et al. (Ed.), Orch. Sci. & Com. 95. 2001. Prain’s collectors recorded this species from Manipur at the crest of Bareil range (s. w. of Japoo) at 7000 ft and from Kohima, Nagaland. Zeuxine Lindley A widespread genus of about 40-50 species of delicate ground orchids characterized by trailing and nodose stem with thin leaves and a terminal inflorescence of white to pale yellow flowers. Fifteen species are known from India and two species from Manipur. 1a. Leaves linear, grass like ……..Z. strateumatica 1b. Leaves not linear or grass like, but obliquely ovate-lanceolate, acute with a grey band along midrib …….……......................……. Z. nervosa 1. Zeuxine nervosa (Wallich ex Lindl.) Benth. ex C. B. Clarke, J. Linn. Soc. 25:73.1889; Hook. f., Fl. Brit. India6:108. 1890 & Ic. Pl. T. 2174. 1894; King & 68 An Orchid Digest of Manipur Pantling, Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Calcutta 8: 289. T. 385. 1898; Deb, Bull. Bot. Surv. India 3(2):219.1961; Pradhan, Ind. Orch. Guide to Ident. Cult. 119. 1976; Seidenfaden, Dansk Bot. Ark. 32(2):79.1978; Chauhan in Pathak et al. (Ed.), Orch. Sci. & Com. 95. 2001. Etaeria nervosa Lindl., Wall. Cat. 7381. 1832. nom. nud. Monochilus nervosum Wallich ex Lindl., Gen. Sp. Orch. 487. 1840. 1 cm 5 cm 1 cm b d 1 cm a e f 1 cm 1 cm h c 1 cm 1 mm 1 cm j g i Figure 24. Vanilla parishii Rchb. f. - a. Habit; b. Flower, side view; c. Flower, front view; d. Dorsal sepal; e. Petal (back view showing projection of midvein); f. Lateral sepal; g. Lip; h. A single scale of the brush on centre of lip; i. Column; j. Operculum showing pollinia (after CSK 28270 ). C. Sathish Kumar & P. C. Suresh Kumar Specimens Examined: INDIA, Manipur: West ‘Muneypore’ (fide C. B. Clarke 1889); Tupul C. Sathish Kumar 28746 (TBGT!). 2. Zeuxine strateumatica (L.)Schltr., Engl. Bot. Jahrb. 45:394. 1911; Pradhan, Ind. Orch. Guide to Iden. Cult. 1:115. 1976; Seidenfaden, Dansk Bot. Ark. 32(2):79. 1978; Chauhan in Pathak et al. (Ed.), Orch. Sci. & Com. 95. 2001. Orchis strateumatica L., Sp. Pl. 943. 1753. Pterygodium sulcatum Fl. Ind. 3:452. 1832. Zeuxine sulcata (Roxb.)Lindl., Gen.. Sp. Orch. 485. 1840; Hook. f., Fl. Brit. India 6:106. 1890; King & Pantling, Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Calcutta 8:286. T. 381.1898. Acknowledgements We are deeply grateful to Brig. M. V. Gangadharan and the Indian Army for all the logistic support extended to our team when we explored Manipur; Mr H B Singh, formerly Orchid Development Officer at Khongapatt State Orchidarium for his assistance in getting many species that we would have otherwise missed; Hunt Institute for Botanical Documentation for kindly providing a portrait of N.L. Bor and permission to use it in this paper; Dr Hosagowder for providing the Latin translation of the new taxa. Financial assistance by the Western Ghats Development Cell and the Ministry of Environment and Forests, Government of India, New Delhi under AICOPTAX programme is thankfully acknowledged. Literaure Cited Chauhan, A. S. 2001. A conspectus of orchids of Manipur: Their status and conservation. In: P. Pathak, R. N. Sehgal, N. Shekar, M. Sharma & A. Sood (ed.), Orchids Science and Commerce. 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