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Overview
This lesson examines both the content and form of lyrics in blues songs. In addition to highlighting the basic musical form of a blues song, it also addresses the use of floating verses in blues music, both within the context of the original era in which the songs were sung and also in relation to how this practice is perceived today.

Learning Objectives
By completing this lesson, the student will:

• Understand and practice mapping out a blues song
• Comprehend the difference between the use of floating verse and the violation of copyright law
• Investigate the origins of the blues

Resources Needed
Music:
The Blues Teacher's Guide CD:
Bessie Smith, "Lost Your Head Blues"
Mississippi John Hurt, "Stack O' Lee"
Big Bill Broonzy, "When Will I Get to Be Called a Man"
Muddy Waters, "Mannish Boy"
Web Sites:
http://www.bluesroots.de/songbook1/10.htm
http://www.fleetwoodmac.net/penguin/lyrics/d/
http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/lohtml/lohome.html
http://www.copyright.gov/title17

Film Tie-Ins
AAB Blues Form
The Road to Memphis (segment toward the end of "Black Spot on the Dial" in which B.B. King's performance shows the AAB form)
"Borrowing" from the Blues
The Road to Memphis ("Sam Phillips" segment)
Origins of the Blues
Feel Like Going Home

Introductory Exercise
This exercise explores song elements and looks closely at the blues song format. Ask students to bring the lyrics of a favorite song to class (reminding them beforehand what appropriate and inappropriate choices would be). Start by discussing the lyrical parts of a song:

• Verses—In a song, a verse is a group of lines that constitutes a unit (similar to verses in poetry). Typically, a song consists of several verses, and the rhyme scheme and rhythm are usually the same from verse to verse.
• Chorus—A song's refrain (verse that repeats itself at given intervals throughout the song).
• Bridge—Transitional passage connecting two sections of the song.

Mention that blues songs, like many other songs, conform to standard song structure in some ways while varying in others. Have students listen to "Lost Your Head Blues" by Bessie Smith, recording the words as they listen. Once the class has heard the entire song, transcribe the lyrics on the board in prose rather than verse form, filling in where student gaps exist. Ask students to label each sentence with a letter, starting with A. Sentences that are the same should have the same letter. This should look like:

Now, ask students to write the lyrics out in song form. Where would the line breaks be? Where would the verse breaks be? The first verse of the final product should look like:

Inform students that this format, known as the AAB blues format, is typical of many blues songs. The first line often presents an idea or issue, the second line repeats it (perhaps with a slight variation), and the third line develops or resolves the idea presented in the first and second lines. To further illustrate this blues form, show the segment "Black Spot on the Dial" from The Road to Memphis in which B.B. King performs a song in the AAB format. [See Film Tie-Ins for details on the film segment.]

Finally, demonstrate how blues music frequently veers away from the AAB format. Playing a variety of songs, including "Stack O' Lee" by Mississippi John Hurt, "When Will I Get to Be Called a Man" by Big Bill Broonzy, and "Mannish Boy" by Muddy Waters, can illustrate how the AAB form is by no means the exclusive song format of the blues.

Focus Exercise
Floating verses—the same lyrics or phrases used in more than one blues song—are very common in blues music. To illustrate the notion of floating verses, ask students to read the lyrics of two blues songs: "I Believe I'll Dust My Broom" (1936) by Robert Johnson and "Dust My Broom" (1951) by Elmore James. Students should identify phrases and lines borrowed from Johnson by James. Inform them that Johnson borrowed lyrically from others as well. Specifically, phrases from three early blues songs—Kokomo Arnold's "Sagefield Woman Blues" and "Sissy Man Blues" and Carl Rafferty's "Mr. Carl Blues"—appear in "I Believe I'll Dust My Broom." Ask students what they think about this kind of borrowing. Why would blues singers borrow from one another in this fashion? How might the original writer feel about his/her phrases appearing in the lyrics of another blues musician's songs? How might the fact that the blues is based largely on African American oral tradition, in which stories were passed down from generation to generation, have shaped the phrase-borrowing that is so common to the blues? [Robert Johnson's song lyrics are at http://www.bluesroots.de/songbook1/10.htm and Elmore James' can be found at http://www.fleetwoodmac.net/penguin/lyrics/d/.]

While borrowing lines or phrases from other blues songs was accepted practice, especially in early blues (up to the 1950s), blues musicians weren't necessarily happy when white artists "borrowed" their music, remaking it for white audiences. Illustrate this idea by watching the segment "Sam Phillips" in the film The Road to Memphis. After viewing, discuss:

• How do Sam Phillips and Ike Turner view the borrowing of blues music by white artists differently? Why might Turner have been less approving of such borrowing than Phillips?
• How is this borrowing different from floating verses as previously discussed?
• Why might black blues artists in the 1950s not have seen white artists' borrowing as a compliment?
• Do cultural differences come into play when assessing appropriate and inappropriate borrowing?

Research and Analysis
Assign students to research the history of the blues, focusing on both the music from which the blues emerged (field hollers, work songs, spirituals, and country string ballads) as well as early blues performers. Research should consider the following:

• How the blues represents an extension of the African American oral tradition
• How the AAB blues form connects to African music and early African American music
• The connection between slave music lyrics and blues lyrics
• The history of the floating verse

Good starting places for research include:

• The John and Ruby Lomax 1939 Southern States Recording Trip at http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/lohtml/lohome.html
• The Blues film, Feel Like Going Home
• "What is the Blues?" essay in this guide

Extensions
Additional Exercise
1. Blues lyrics, in addition to often following the AAB blues format, frequently tell a story. This exercise encourages students to consider the storytelling feature of the blues while allowing them to write their own blues song in AAB blues format. Start by playing B.B. King's "Three O'Clock Blues." Discuss the story in the song. Next, identify how the song conforms to the AAB blues format, with the first two lines in the verse being the same and the third, different; the A line presents an issue, while the B line presents the conclusion.

Give students a few minutes to brainstorm a short story about which to write their own blues song. Topics might include asking someone out on a date, completing a homework assignment, or performing in a school event—athletic or otherwise. Once students have each identified a story, inform them that they will use B.B. King's song as the base from which to write their own blues song.

Record the song's first verses on the board:
"Well now, it's three o'clock in the morning
And I can't even close my eyes.
Three o'clock in the morning
And I can't even close my eyes.
Can't find my baby
And I can't be satisfied."

Assign students to change the last line of the verse to a line corresponding with the story they want to tell. A student creation might read:
"Well now, it's three o'clock in the morning
And I can't even close my eyes.
Three o'clock in the morning
And I can't even close my eyes.
My computer lost my report
And I'm just fit to be tied."

Next, encourage them to move further away from the original in another rewriting of the verse. This time, the verse might read:
"Well now, I woke up early this morning
And my eyes were burning with pain.
I woke up early this morning
And my eyes were burning with pain.
I stayed up all night writing
'Cause my computer lost my report again."

Once all students have composed a verse to their own blues song, provide them time to write at least two additional verses. When class members all have their verses written, ask them to post their lyrics up in the classroom. Invite students to read the work of their classmates, borrowing lines that they particularly like from one another's work and incorporating these lines into their own songs. Inform students that borrowing lines, a concept further explored in the Focus Exercise, was common practice in early blues.

2. Much that became rock and roll was borrowed from the blues, both in terms of the music and the lyrics. To have students consider the lyrical legacy of the blues on popular music, ask them to complete a side-by-side comparison of blues song lyrics and popular song lyrics from the same era, taking examples from the 1950s, 1970s, and today. The following checklist of blues song elements can serve as a guide for assessing each song:

Blues songs to consider can include:
1950s
Muddy Waters, "Mannish Boy"
B.B. King, "Three O'Clock Blues"
1970s
Taj Mahal, "Fishin' Blues"
Today
Chris Thomas King, "Da Thrill Is Gone From Here"
Shemekia Copeland, "The Other Woman"

Some options for popular music comparisons:
1955 #10 hit: Fats Domino, "Ain't That a Shame"
1956 #5 hit: Chuck Berry, "Maybellene"
1957 #12 hit: Patsy Cline, "Walkin' After Midnight"
1958 #6 hit: Frank Sinatra, "Witchcraft"
1959 #7 hit: Bobby Darin, "Mack the Knife"
1970 #1 hit: The Jackson 5, "ABC"
1971 #1 hit: Isaac Hayes, "Theme From Shaft"
1974 #6 hit: ABBA, "Waterloo"
1976 #1 hit: The Manhattans, "Kiss and Say Goodbye"
1979 #1 hit: Michael Jackson, "Don't Stop 'Til You Get Enough"
Today's hits can be located at http://www.americanmusiconline.com/.

As a class, analyze both the form and topical content of the lyrics, focusing on whether there is sufficient evidence to suggest that blues song elements crossed over into popular music of the same time period.

Supplementary Resources
Readings:

• Burns, Loretta. A Stylistic Analysis of Blues Lyrics. Ann Arbor: University Microfilms, 1977.
• Kovacs, Edna. Writing Across Cultures: A Handbook on Writing Poetry and Lyrical Prose. Hillsboro, OR: Blue Heron Publishing, 1994.
• Tracy, Stephen C., ed. Write Me a Few of Your Lines: A Blues Reader. Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 1999.

• The Ancient Art of Sampling. Varsity Online.
  http://www.varsity.cam.ac.uk/802567B80049EF7D/Pages/.
• McCready, Michael. The Law Regarding Sampling. Fast Forward Industry Newsletter.
  http://www.discmakers.com/music/ffwd/sampling.php.